本研究主要是在探討座椅傾斜變數對人體負荷和心理的影響。座椅傾斜變數主要分為4種傾斜方向（前、後、左、右）和5種傾斜角度（0∘、5∘、10∘、15∘、20）∘兩項實驗變數，利用此兩項變數的交互作用，讓20位受測者透過生理和心理量測實驗，即應用壓力分佈量測、坐姿拍攝記錄及心理反應問卷來探討受測者乘坐於不同傾斜變數座椅與人體負荷和心理反應的關係。

由實驗結果顯示，座椅角度對座面及椅背壓力分佈的變化，會因傾斜方向的不同而有所不同，後傾時傾斜角度越大，背部的總壓力、背部接觸面積及背背尖峰壓力越大，但前傾時則因重心向前移動到地面的關係，臀部壓力沒有明顯變大，而背部和臀部總壓力變化不受左右傾斜方向的影響；臀部尖峰壓力分佈則因傾斜角度的增加而往傾斜方向的一方移動，而背部的壓力尖峰點於後傾時會往上移動，前傾時會往背部中間集中，左右傾斜時之背部的壓力尖峰會往傾斜方向之相反方向移動；另外，後傾角度增加時頸部會明顯感到不適，前傾角度過大時坐骨結節會感到不適，左右外傾時，靠近傾斜方向一邊之臀部、腿部和腰部都會感到不適。

在應變項的相似顯著性分析中，利用集群分析的統計方法，找出傾斜變數間的特質相似性，各傾斜狀況下分別擁有不同的生理和心理特質，從15組傾斜狀況中，可以歸類成六群，包括有：(1)水平0度至後傾10度：中度舒適；(2)後傾15~20度：背部及頸部負荷大；(3)前傾5度：舒適度最高；(4)前傾10~20度：背部沒有支撐；(5)左傾5~15度及(6)右傾5~15度：生理及心理負荷量大。從研究中除了可以瞭解各傾斜變數的生理與心理反應的特質外，分類的目的是為了在座椅及相關產品的設計與研發上，能更容易掌握及決策設計的要素，提供後續的研究和發展。

How the tilt of chairs affects the workload and psychological to humans is the main probe in this research. For the variables in the tilt of chairs, there are four directions and five angles in the tilt—respectively are forward, backward, rightward, leftward and zero, five, ten, fifteen, twenty angles. By using the reciprocal effect from the two independent variables, it could test twenty persons through physiology and psychology measurement, which are applied pressure distribution measurement, sitting posture record shooting and the questionnaire of psychological reaction in order to research into the relationship between human workload and psychological reaction while the subjects sitting on chairs which are different tilt variables.

According to the experimental results, the variation of seat angles to the seat and backrest of pressure distribution has some differences depend on the variety of direction of inclination. The more backward tilt of the angles has, the more total pressure, contact area and peak pressure of the back have. While forward tilting, the pressure of the hip doesn’t enlarge obviously because of the center of gravity moving forward to the ground. On the other hands, the total pressure of the back and the hip vary without the effect of left tilt and right tilt direction. Because of the angles for the peak pressure distribution of the hip increase, it will move to the inclined direction; not only this, the point of the back peak pressure moves upward while backward tilt; gathering to the middle-back while forward tilt. In addition, the point of the back peak pressure will move against the direction while left and right tilt. Furthermore, the neck will discomfort apparently when the backward angles increase; the ischial tuberosity will be unwell when the forward angles over-increase. The hip, the leg and the waist which are near the inclined direction will be indisposed while the extroversion for the left and right.

From the cluster analysis of the dependent variables, it will find out the similar speciality of the tilt variables. Under different tilt status, each owns various physiological and psychological characteristics. They could be concluded into six groups according to the fifteen sets from the tilt status which are: 1. zero angle of horizon to ten angles back inclination which are middle cosy; 2. backward tilt from fifteen to twenty angels which burden the back and neck immensely; 3. Five angles of forward tilt which is the most comfortable; 4. Forward tilt from ten to twenty angles which are without support at the back; 5. leftward tilt from five to fifteen angles and 6. rightward tilt from five to fifteen angles which have physiological and psychological workload enormously. Not only we can understand the physiological and psychological reaction characteristics of each tilt variables from the research, but master and decide the design elements in order to reach the target of chairs and the relative product designed and developed. As a result, it can continue the research and development.

英文部分

1. Aissaoui, R., Dansereau, J., Lemire, N., Latulippe, L. and Lacoste, M. (1997), Effect of repositioning on seat and back pressure measurements and posture of able-bodied subjects, presented at the Int. Conf. Wheelchairs Seating, Dundee, Scotland.

2. Anderberg, M.R. (1973), Cluster Analysis for Applications. Academic Press, New York.

3. Anita J.PERR* (1996), Head position and tilt-in-space: A study of headrest preferences in non-disabled adults, Technology and Disability 5, pp.93~100

4. Bader, D.L.(1990), The recovery characteristics of soft tissues following repeated loading", J.Rehab. Res. Develop., vol.27, pp.141-150

5. Bogie, K. and Bader, D. L. (1987), The biomechanics of seating—An initial study,” in International Series on Biomechanics, G. de Groot, A. P. Hollander, P. A. Huijing, and G. J. van Ingen Schenau, Eds, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Free Univ., vol. 7-A, pp. 498–503. Biomechanics XI-A.

6. Bourdin,C., Nougier,V. , Bringoux ,L. , Gauthier, G.M. , Barraud, P.A., C.(2001), Raphel Accuracy level of pointing movements performed during slow passive whole-body rotations, Research Article, Exp Brain Res,138, pp.62-70

7. Buckle, P., and Fernandes,A., Matress evaluation-assessment of contact pressure, comfort and discomfort. Applied Ergonomics. pp.35-39

8. Clark, W.E. (1954), The anatomy of work. In Floy, W.F., and Welford, A.T. (Eds.): Symposium on Human Factors in Equipment Design. London, H.K. Lewis, pp.5-55

9. Colin, D. and Saumet, J. L. (1996), Influence of external pressure on transcutaneous oxygen tension and laser Doppler flowmetry on sacral skin, Clin. Physiol., vol.16, pp. 61–72

10. Dennis Zacharkow, P.T. (1988), Posture : sitting,standing, chair design and exercise.1988, pp.80-119 Dennis Zacharkow, P.T. Posture : sitting,standing, chair design and exercise. pp.80-119

11. Fàtima Rodrigues-de-Paula Goulart, & Josep Vall-Solé. Patterned electromyographic activity in the sit-to-stand movement. Clinical Neurophsiology. pp.1634-1640

12. Fleming Seay, A., David M.Krum, Larry Hodges, William Ribarsky (2001). Simulator Sickness and Presence in a High FOV Virtual Environment, IEEE, pp.299~300

13. Gilsdorf, P., Patterson, R., Fisher, S., and Appel, N. (1990), Sitting force and wheelchair mechanics, J. Rehab. Res. Develop., vol.27, pp.239–246

14. Girish Punj and David W. Stewart (1983), Cluster Analysis in Marketing Research: Review and Suggestions for Application, Journal of Marketing Research, pp.134-148

15. Goroh Fujimaki*, Reiko Mitsuya (2002), Study of the seated posture for VDT Work Displays, pp.17~24

16. Grace P.Y. Szeto,Leon Straker,Sally Raine (2002), A field comparison of neck and shoulder postures in symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers, Applied Ergonomics v.33, pp.75–84

17. Hartigan, J.(1975), Clustering Algorithms. Wiley, New York.

18. Henderson, J. L., Price, S. H., Brandstater, M. E., and Mandac, B. R. (1994), Efficacy of three measures to relieve pressure in seated persons with spinal cord injury, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab., vol. 75, pp. 535–539

19. Henry Dreyfuss, The Measure of Man, Sheet O, Dwg, 2

20. Hobson, Douglas, A. (1992), Comparative effects of posture on pressure effects and shear at the body-seat interface., Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development., pp.21-32

21. Hocken Berry, J. (1979), Comfort=”the absence of discomfort”. C P News (Newsletter of the Consumer Products Technical Group), Human Factors Society, 4(2)

22. Hoedemaeker, M. (2000), Driving with intelligent vehicles-- Driving behaviour with ACC and the acceptance by individual drivers, 2000 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems, Conference Proceedings Dearborn (MI), USA, October1-3, pp.506~509

23. Jain, A.K. and Dubes, R.C. Algorithms for Clustering Data. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.1988

24. Jakob Nielsen (1993), Usability Engineering, by Academic Press, pp.35~36

25. James Jeng-Weei Lin, Henry B.L. Duh, Donald E. Parker, Habib Abi-rached, Thomas A. Furness (2002), Effect of Field of View on Presence, Enjoyment, Memory, and Simulator Sickness in a Virtual Environment; Computer Society, Proceeding of the IEEE Virtual Reality

26. Jardine, N. and Sibson,R. (1971), Mathematical Taxonomy. Wiley, London

27. John R. Wilson (1999), Virtual environment applications and applied ergonomics”, Applied Ergonomics 30 pp.3-9

28. John W. Hole, Jr., Karen A. Koos (1999), Human Anatomy, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, chapter 6

29. Kantowitz, B.H. and Sorkin, R.D. (1983), Human Factors, Understanding People-System Relationships, John Wiel & Sons, New York, USA.

30. Koo, T.K.K., Mak, A.F.T., and Lee, Y. L. (1996), Posture effect on seating interface biomechanics: Comparison between two seating cushions, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab., vol.77, pp.40–47

31. Kouji Murai, Yuji Hayashi, Nobukazu Wakabayashi (2001), Analysis of Heart Rate Variability of Navigator at in/from Ports by Wavelet Transform – on ship handling of Training ship and ship’s Bridge Simulator; IEEE, pp.681~685

32. Leo L. van Deursen, Jaap Patijn, John R. Durinck, Ruud Brouwer, Jeanne R.van Erven-Sommers, Bernard J. Vortman (1999), Sitting and low back pain: the positive effect of rotatory dynamic stimuli during prolonged sitting, Eur Spine J 8, pp.187~193

33. Lueder,R.K., ”Seat Comfort: a review of the construct in the office environment.” Human Factors 25, pp.701-711

34. McCormick, Ernest J. (1970), Human Factors Engineering, 3rd ed., New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, 402

35. McCormick, Ernest J. & Sanders, Mark S. (1982), Human Factors Engineering and Design, 5 th ed., New York McGraw-Hill Book Company,20

36. Mehtal, C.R., Tewari, V.K. (2000), Seating discomfort for tractor operators--a critical review, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 25, pp.661-674

37. Merbitz, C.T., King, R. B., Bleiberg, J. and Grip, J. C. (1985), Wheelchair push-ups: Measuring pressure relief frequency, Arch. Phys. Med.Rehab., vol. 66, pp. 433–439

38. MyersRL, Laenger CJ (1998), Virtual reality in rehabiliation, Disabili and Rehabili, vol.20

39. O'Sullivan, Peter B., Grahamslaw, Kirsty M., Kendell, Michelle,Lapenskie, Shaun C., Moller, Nina E., Richards, Karen V. (2002), Spine-Hagerstown, The Effect of Different Standing and Sitting Postures on Trunk Muscle Activity in a Pain-Free Population, vol. 27 , issue 11, pp.1238-1244

40. Pile, J.F. (1979), Modern Furniture. New York, John Wiley and Sons,

41. Purcell, W.F.H., (1980), The human factor in farm and industrial equipment design. Lecture series no 6 by the Power and Machinery Division Tractor Committee (PM-47), American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI, USA.

42. Rachid Aissaoui, Member, IEEE, Michele Lacoste, and Jean Dansereau, (2001), Analysis of Sliding and Pressure Distribution During a Repositioning of Persons in a Simulator Chair, IEEE Transactions on Neural System and Rehabilitation Engineering, Vol.9, No.2, June, pp.215~223

43. Roberts, D.F. (1963), Passenger Comfort-seating. Bus and Coach, vol.35, pp.214-219,

44. Sanders, M. S. and McCormick, E. J. (1997), Human Factors in Engineering and Design”, 6 th Ed, McGraw Hill, New York, pp.415-457

45. Shileds, R. K. and Cook T. M. (1988), Effect of seat angle and lumbar support on seated buttock pressure, Phys. Ther., vol. 68, pp.1682–1686

46. Singleton, W., Fox, J., and Whitfield, D. (1971), Measurement of man at work, London: Taylor & Francis.

47. Spijkerman, D. C. M., Terburg, T., Goossens, R. H. M. and Stijnen, T. (1995), Effects of inflation pressure and posture on the body-seat interface pressure of spinal cord injured patients seated on an air-filled wheelchair cushion, J. Rehab. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 8–12

48. Sneath, P.H.A. and Sokal, R. R. (1973), Numerical Taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco, CA.

49. Susan Valeric Gray Cobb (1999), Measurement of postural stability before and after immersion in a virtual environment, Applied Ergonomics, vol.30, pp.47-57

50. Tada, M., Sekiguchi, S., Nisimatsu, T. and Toba, E. (1998), Measurement and Evaluation of sitting comfort of Automotive Seat. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Minnesota, USA. May 18-20, pp.316-319

51. Tüzün, C., Yorulmaz, Cindas, A., and Vatan, S. (1999), Low Back Pain and Posture, Clin Rheumatol vol.18,pp.308–312, Clinical Rheumatology

52. Yue Li, Rachid Aissaoui (2000), Member, IEEE, David M. Brienza, Member, IEEE, and Jean dansereau, Determination of Generic body -seat interface shapes by cluster analysis, IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, Vol.8, No.4, pp.481~489

中文部分

1. 王海山 主編 (民國91)，恩楷出版，科學方法百科，pp.57~59

2. 伍永康　歐陽明 (1998)，虛擬實境以及其在娛樂上的應用，光訊，71期， 4月, pp.4~6

3. 林政宏(1996)，深入虛擬實境VR，碁峰資訊，

4. 林季雄，劉弘章 (1993)，OA座椅座面前傾的工作坐姿研究，TATUNG Journal，Vol.23，pp.195~200

5. 林銀霞 (2000)，電腦症候群成因與VDT工作站系統關係之研究，逄甲大學工業工程研究所，碩士論文.

6. 吳建隆 (2001)，深陷迷"網"--網咖症候群的預防及治療，北市衛生雙月刊

7. 周崇頌醫師(民國89)，老當益壯-骨盤肌肉運動的原理，台中榮民總醫院復健科

8. 許勝雄、彭游、吳水丕 編譯 (民85)，人因工程 ergonomics/ human factors，第二版，滄海書局，

9. 張紹勳 (民國90)，研究方法，滄海書局，

10. 張紹勳、張紹評、林秀娟 (2000)，SPSS for Windows(下冊) 統計分析－初等統計與高等統計，松崗電腦圖書資料股份有限公司

11. 黃俊英 (2000)，多變量分析，中國經企研究所

12. 龔錦 編譯 (民國82)，人體尺度與室內空間，博遠出版有限公司

學術網站部分

1. A.C.Mandal.MD., Balance Sitting posture on foward sloping seat, <http://www.acmandal.com/>

2. What is a good seating position?, Muscular Dystrophy Campaign Information <http://www.muscular-dystrophy.org/information/Appliances/wh2.html>

3. 香港坐姿綜合診所，<http://www.ort.cuhk.edu.hk/seating/index.htm>

4. 莊弘毅　醫師，辦公室的人因工學，高雄醫學大學職業病防治示範中心，<http://www.geocities.com/workhealth/officeb1.htm>

5. 曾頌會　醫師，實和聯合診所健科，2003 <http://www.webhospital.org.tw/activity/backache/>

6. 施世亮 醫師，坐姿不良是腰酸背痛的主要兇手，KingNet國家網路醫院，<http://www.webhospital.org.tw/activity/office_healthy/office-1.htm>

7. 勞工安全衛生研究所台灣人體計測資料庫，<http://www.iosh.gov.tw/frame.htm>