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研究生：	任亞立 Firmansyah,
論文名稱：	Effect of Moisture Content in the Aggregate to the Binder-Aggregate Adhesive Properties of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Effect of Moisture Content in the Aggregate to the Binder-Aggregate Adhesive Properties of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)
指導教授：	楊士賢 Yang, Shih-Hsien
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 土木工程學系 Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年：	2014
畢業學年度：	102
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	80
中文關鍵詞：	Surface Free Energy 、Warm-Mix Asphalt 、Asphalt Field Aging 、Moisture
外文關鍵詞：	Surface Free Energy, Warm-Mix Asphalt, Asphalt Field Aging, Moisture
相關次數：	點閱：57 下載：0
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Increasing demand towards environmental awareness and sustainable development in all sector has lead the construction industry to develop technologies that have less negative impact to the environment. Accordingly, Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is one technology that found to have potential in minimizing the bad environmental impact in road construction activities. It’s low mixing and compacting temperature has open a great opportunities toward more sustainable development.
However, low mixing temperatures features of WMA technologies may lead to incomplete drying process of aggregate that impact on binder-aggregate adhesion property due to moisture-induce damage. In addition, during its service life, asphalt viscoelastic properties will gradually change and become more brittle which will reduce its adhesion properties with aggregate.
Thus, the objective of this study will focus on investigating the effect of aggregate moisture and asphalt binder field aging on the binder-aggregate interfacial characteristic of WMA by evaluating its surface free energy and adhesive bond strength.
Moisture content inside aggregate found to have significant impact on reducing the work of adhesion by only 10% of moisture content, the work of adhesion may decrease up to 50% of its original value at dry condition. Asphalt binder field aging also play a significant role in asphalt-aggregate bond energy, with average reduction of 3% in a month compare to unaged materials.

TABLE OF CONTETS
ABSTRACT ............ I
DEDICATION ............ II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......... III
TABLE OF CONTETS ........... IV
LIST OF TABLES ........... VII
LIST OF FIGURES ............ VIII
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......... 1
1.1 Background ........... 1
1.2 Research Objective .......... 2
1.3 Scope of Research .......... 2
2 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ....... 3
2.1 Warm-Mix Asphalt Technology......... 3
2.1.1 Organic Additive .......... 3
2.1.2 Chemical Additive.......... 4
2.1.3 Foaming Technique .......... 5
2.2 Asphalt Mixture Moisture Susceptibility/Moisture Damage ... 5
2.3 Asphalt-Aggregate Adhesion Mechanisms and Theories .... 7
2.3.1 Chemical Reaction Theory ......... 7
2.3.2 Mechanical Adhesion Theory ......... 13
2.3.3 Thermodynamic Theory ......... 14
2.3.4 Molecular Orientation Theory ........ 14
2.4 Asphalt-Aggregate Interfacial Adhesion Properties .... 15
2.4.1 Surface Free Energy ........... 15
2.4.2 Physical Bonding Strength ......... 20
2.5 Asphalt Aging Mechanism ......... 21
3 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 23
3.1 Material Selection .......... 23
3.1.1 Aggregate ........... 23
3.1.2 Asphalt Binder ........... 25
3.1.3 Warm-Mix Asphalt Additive ........ 26
3.1.4 Sample Combination .......... 27
3.2 Experimental Plan .......... 29
3.2.1 Bond Energy ............ 30
3.2.2 Surface Free Energy ........... 33
4 CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION...... 40
4.1 Pull-Off Test ............ 40
4.1.1 Effect of Aggregate Type ......... 40
4.1.2 Effect of Aggregate Moisture Content ........ 41
4.1.3 Effect of Asphalt Binder Type ........ 41
4.1.4 Effect of WMA Additives .......... 43
4.1.5 Effect of Asphalt Field Aging ......... 44
4.1.6 Correlation of Coefficient ......... 45
4.2 Sessile Drop Test ........... 46
4.2.1 Effect of Aggregate Type ......... 46
4.2.2 Effect of Aggregate Moisture Content ........ 47
4.2.3 Effect of Asphalt Binder Type ........ 48
4.2.4 Effect of WMA Additive .......... 49
4.2.5 Effect of Asphalt Field Aging ......... 50
4.2.6 Correlation of coefficient .......... 52
4.3 Correlation between Sessile Drop Test and Pull-Off Test ... 53
4.3.1 Ranking Method ........... 53
4.3.2 Four Quadrant Diagram Method ......... 58
5 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ..... 66
5.1 Conclusion ........... 66
5.2 Recommendation ........... 67
Reference .............. 69
Appendix A ANOVA ANALYSIS RESULT ....... 73

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 General affinity of asphalt functional groups for aggregate surface .. 10
Table 2-2 Surface Energy Components of Probe Liquids (mN/m) .... 18
Table 3-1 Average Chemical Composition of Selected Aggregate (Clarke, 1920; Eckel,
1904; F. Pettijohn & Bastron, 1959) .......... 25
Table 3-2. Properties of Asphalt Binder for Penetration Grade 60-70 and Polymer
Modified Binder .............. 25
Table 3-3 Samples Combination and Samples Name ....... 27
Table 3-4 Contact angle measurement result for asphalt binder ...... 37
Table 3-5 Contact angle measurement result for aggregate ...... 37
Table 3-6 Surface free energy components of aggregate in mN/m .... 37
Table 3-7 Surface free energy components of asphalt in mN/m ...... 38
Table 3-8 Surface free energy for field aged asphalt binder in mN/m ..... 38
Table 4-1 Pull-Off Test Correlation Coefficient of Aggregate Moisture Content .. 46
Table 4-2 Pull-Off Test Correlation Coefficient for Asphalt Binder Field Aging .. 46
Table 4-3 Sessile Drop Correlation Coefficient for Aggregate Moisture Content ... 52
Table 4-4 Sessile Drop Correlation Coefficient for Asphalt Binder Field Aging... 52
Table 4-5 Overall Ranking of Pull-Off Test Unaged result in Descending order ... 53
Table 4-6 Overall Ranking of Pull-Off Test aged result in Descending order ... 55
Table 4-7 Overall Ranking of Sessile Drop Test unaged result in Descending order. 56
Table 4-8 Overall Ranking of Sessile Drop Test aged result in Descending order .. 57

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 (1) Natural and (2) formed on oxidative aging of important chemical functional
groups (J. C. Petersen, 1986) ........... 9
Figure 2-2 Effect of different types of aggregate surface on pH value of water or moisture
under different contacting time (Yoon & Tarrer, 1988) ...... 12
Figure 2-3 Contact angle between liquid and substrate ....... 16
Figure 2-4 Schematic Illustration of Sessile Drop Test (Bose, 2007) .... 19
Figure 2-5 Schematic ilustration of Wilhelmy Plate Test (Hefer, 2004) .... 20
Figure 3-1. (a) Argillite and (b) Sandstone ......... 24
Figure 3-2. Slate .............. 24
Figure 3-3 Master Curve of Complex Modulus (G*) and Phase Angle (δ) of Pen 60-70 and
Polymer Modified Binder at 25oC .......... 26
Figure 3-4 Experimental Plan Diagram .......... 30
Figure 3-5 Design of (a) Top and (b) Bottom Sample Mold (mm) .... 31
Figure 3-6 (a) Sample of Pull-off test (b) Pull-of test setup ...... 32
Figure 3-7 Force-displacement curve ......... 33
Figure 3-8 Schematic Setup for Sessile Drop Asphalt Binder Preparation .... 34
Figure 3-9 Sample for Sessile Drop Test .......... 34
Figure 3-10 FTA 124 for Sessile Drop Test ......... 35
Figure 3-11 Sample of Sessile Drop Image ........ 36
Figure 4-1 Pull-Off Test Result by Aggregate Type ....... 41
Figure 4-2 Pull-Off Test Result by Aggregate Moisture Content ...... 42
Figure 4-3 Pull-Off Test Result by Asphalt Binder Type...... 42
Figure 4-4 Force-Displacement Curve (a) Pen 60-70, and (b) Polymer Modified ... 43
Figure 4-5 Pull-Off Test Result by WMA Additives ........ 44
Figure 4-6 Pull-Off Test Result by WMA Additives ........ 45
Figure 4-7 Sessile Drop Test Result by Aggregate Type ...... 47
Figure 4-8 Sessile Drop Test Result by Aggregate Moisture ...... 48
Figure 4-9 Sessile Drop Test Result by Asphalt Binder Type ..... 49
Figure 4-10 Sessile Drop Test Result by WMA Additive Type ...... 50
Figure 4-11 Sessile Drop Test Result by WMA Additive Type ...... 51
Figure 4-12 Average Work of Adhesion on Aged Binder Sample at Different WMA
Additives ............... 51
Figure 4-13 4 Quadrant Diagram for Pen 60-70 ....... 60
Figure 4-14 4 Quadrant Diagram for Pen 60-70 + Evotherm ...... 60
Figure 4-15 4 Quadrant Diagram for Pen 60-70 + Sassobit ...... 61
Figure 4-16 4 Quadrant Diagram for Polymer Modified Binder ..... 62
Figure 4-17 4 Quadrant Diagram for Polymer Modified Binder + Evoterm .... 62
Figure 4-18 4 Quadrant Diagram for Polymer Modified Binder + Sassobit .... 63
Figure 4-19 4 Quadrant Diagram for Argillite ........ 64
Figure 4-20 4 Quadrant Diagram for Sandstone ....... 64
Figure 4-21 4 Quadrant Diagram for Slate ......... 65
                                    

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