移行電離層擾動(Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances, TIDs)，是電離層中一種常見的擾動現象，在電離層上空每日都可能會有常規性或非常規性的移行電離層擾動。本研究使用2020年美國全球衛星導航系統(Global Navigation Satellite System data, GNSS)地面接收機網觀測之移行電離層擾動之變化情形。地面GNSS接收機網觀測的電離層全電子含量(Total Electron Content, TEC)資料經過帶通濾波器處理後，進一步將其對應的經緯度位置繪製於美洲上空的二維全電子含量圖(2D-TEC Map)，並採用目測的方式檢視美國東部上空每日的電離層圖變化情形。發現美國東部基本上空每日都有日常擾動，這些資料統計可以幫助了解常規的移型電離層擾動之季節與時空變化，當特殊極端事件發生時，如西元2022年1月15日東加島國海底火山爆發事件產生全球電離層擾動，其擾動經過北美上產生的電離層擾動與常規電離層擾動即有明顯的差異。位於南太平洋的島國東加，距離主要島嶼東加塔布島西北側約65公里處的海底火山，即東加的洪加湯加-洪加哈派(Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai)在當地時間2022年1月15日下午5時14分(UTC+13:00)，發生海底火山大爆發並產生全球大氣與電離層擾動，利用GNSS2D-TEC Map觀測到美國東部電離層上方有火山爆發造成的擾動波特徵，顯示此次震波威力足以傳達至半個全球外的美洲並在全球繞行。本論文重點之一為研究此事件於美洲所發生的各種常規與火山爆發驅動的電離層波動擾動之特徵。藉由比對常規與極端事件之擾動差異釐清該日於美國上空電離層之擾動中常規與事件之TIDs交互作用情形。

Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances(TIDs) is a common seen phenomenon in the ionosphere showing daily, monthly and seasonal dependences. This thesis studies the climatology of TIDs for year 2020 over North America using ground-based GNSS receiver networks in the United States. Results show that there are regularly appearance of TIDs after sunrise with their wavefront aligned with the day/night terminator. The driver of the TIDs with wavefront aligned along terminator might be related to the gradient of ionosphere between day and night. Understanding the wavefront and propagation characters of the regularly seen TIDs is important, because it helps to distinguish them from TIDs driven by special events. For example, on 15 January 2022Tonga volcano eruption causes large influences to the global ionosphere. It produces the atmospheric lamb wave propagating around earth back and forth for four times. In this thesis, total electron content (TEC) derived from observations of ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) receiver networks are utilized to construct the two dimensional TEC (filtered TEC) maps (2D-TEC maps). The maps provide characters of the TIDs, including wavefront, amplitude, phase velocity andoccurrence time, for comparisons of the climatological TIDs and the volcano driven TIDs. The comparison show how the volcano driven TIDs differ from the climatology TIDs for better understanding of how ionosphere responses to the extreme surface events.

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