戴奧辛是由75種PCDDs及135種PCDFs所組成，主要是因為在含氯的環境下由人為或自然的燃燒過程所排出，其也是工業製程的不純物。由於戴奧辛穩定且疏水性結構，不易分解而累積於土壤或是底泥中，再經過食物鏈生物放大效應，最後蓄積於生物體內，對人類及其他高等生物的健康有很大的風險。因此，受戴奧辛污染的土壤必須積極清理整治。本研究發展一套新型生物強化土壤發酵反應器系統，控制間歇曝氣、水循環及週期性地添加營養鹽等條件下，分別評估八氯戴奧辛降解菌劑及堆肥對於戴奧辛生物毒性去除的影響。
本研究首先建立四組實驗室規模反應器系統，藉此了解在不同pH下對戴奧辛生物降解之影響。研究結果指出在反應器系統間歇曝氣及添加適量營養鹽等條件下，控制在鹼性環境(pH 8.5)且添加戴奧辛降解菌劑的反應槽R3對於戴奧辛的總毒性當量及高氯(7-8氯)戴奧辛同源物在2個月內分別有72 %及88-99 %的去除率，高於中性環境(pH 7.5)且無生物添加的反應槽R1 (47 %, 31-56 %)及菌劑添加的反應槽R4(34 %, 64-98 %)與酸性環境(pH 6.5)且提供菌劑添加的反應槽R2 (39 %, 43-50 %)，顯示生物強化土壤發酵系統在偏鹼環境下能最快達到高氯戴奧辛的去毒化效果。在R3反應槽中發現第56天有66%的OCDF轉換成1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF，另外R4反應槽亦有脫氯轉換出現，說明此生物程序的設計與條件控制可使八氯戴奧辛發生還原脫氯反應。結合定量PCR與高通量焦磷酸定序技術分析土壤中菌群結構發現添加的戴奧辛降解菌的菌量在14天內下降約100倍，另外戴奧辛毒性當量的去除效率與土壤中之Sedimentibacter 、 Brevundimonas 及Clostridium XI等厭氧或兼性厭氧菌群相對豐富度增加有相當的關聯性。
第二階段首先以批次實驗測試不同種類堆肥對於戴奧辛生物降解之可行性。利用不同種類的堆肥，如牛糞堆肥(CM)、廚餘堆肥(KW)、落葉堆肥(L)、豬糞堆肥(PM)以及廢水污泥堆肥(SSL)，以等重量比例分別加入戴奧辛污染土壤中，震盪培養30天以後，雙重分析結果顯示: 相對於控制組，土壤戴奧辛化合物降解率分別達30.5 %、17.4 %、41.4 %、25.4 %以及60 %，顯示添加堆肥後污染土壤中之戴奧辛同源物與毒性當量皆有減少，並發現T-RF片段長度為136 bp、158 bp、189 bp及211 bp等四類不同的外源菌群在經過30天培養後被優勢出，可推測這些菌群均能耐高濃度的戴奧辛而脫穎而出，並在土壤戴奧辛化合物降解過程中扮演著重要的角色。爾後選擇污泥堆肥及牛糞堆肥進行反應器系統戴奧辛生物降解試驗。
反應器系統在控制間歇曝氣及定時水循環之條件下，同時添加5%污泥堆肥及5%牛糞堆肥之反應槽R7在兩個月內有效促進戴奧辛毒性當量減少約74%，而不添加堆肥的反應槽R5及10 %污泥堆肥添加反應槽R6在兩個月內分別減少約70 %及42 %之戴奧辛毒性當量，並發現三組反應槽於42天後皆有4氯戴奧辛些微生成之情形，提供了出現還原脫氯的證據。在本系統中以LC-ESI-MS/MS分析代謝產物發現水楊酸、鄰苯二酚、酚、甲基水楊酸及二氯苯甲酸等物質的存在，也提供了戴奧辛生物降解的證據。
本研究展示了利用新型生物強化土壤發酵反應槽在適當條件控制下能夠促進高氯戴奧辛快速生物降解而去毒化，這些研究成果未來可推廣應用於實場中。

Polychlorinated dioxins consisting of 75 polychlorinated-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and 135 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are mostly released to the ecosystems from the natural and anthropogenic combustion processes as well as industrial sectors with the environment containing chlorines. PCDD/Fs can persist in the soil and sediment because of their stability and hydrophobicity, which in turn accumulate significantly in the human beings and higher organisms after biomagnifications via the food chain. Therefore, these are listed among the persisting organic pollutants that are highly risky to the living organisms. In this study, we developed a novel bioaugmented reactor system with intermittently aeration and recirculation to evaluate the feasibility on dioxin biodegradation by bacterial agent and compost amendment respectively.
Four laboratory-scale reactors were established to study the effect of pH on the dioxin degradation. The results showed that the bioaugmented reactor R3 that was operated at pH 8.5 could have higher removal efficiency of total toxicity equivalency (72%) and individual congeners (88%-99%) than non-bioaugmented reactor R1 (47%, 31-56%), bioaugmented R4 (34 %, 64-98 %) and bioaugmented R2 (39%, 43-50%) that were operated at pH 7.5 and 6.5, respectively, suggesting that the effectiveness of adding bacterial agents at the alkaline conditions. In the Reactor R3, we observed that 66% of OCDF has been dechlorinated into 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF in 56 days, and caused toxic equivalent raising (removal efficiency from 86% to 72%) from between 31 and 56 days during operation. Within reactor R3, it was found that the added populations declined grately, while the microbial community was composed of members affiliated with Actionbacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. In particular, the removal of polychlorinated dioxins was likely associated with increase the population of Sedimentibacter, Brevundimonas and Clostridium XI.
Five different matured composts namely, cow manure (CM), kitchen waste (KW), leaf (L), pig manure (PM) and sewage sludge (SSL) were individually mixed with dioxins-contaminated soil with 1:1 ratio (w/w), and incubated under aerobic conditions for one month. The duplicated analysis showed that in comparison with the control experiment, the removal efficiencies of dioxins achieved 30.5 % for compost CM, 17.4 % for compost KW, 41.4 % for compost L, 25.4 % for compost PM and 60% for compost SSL, respectively. The results reveal that both dioxin congeners and overall toxicity equivalency in soil decrease significantly showing the enhancement of biodegradation performance. It was observed that the key microbes with T-RF lengths of 136 bp, 158 bp, 189 bp and 211 bp were enriched from the system with a high concentration of dioxins after 30 days incubation, and might play an important role in the degradation of dioxins in soil.
The compost bioaugmented reactor R7 that was operated both 5% SSL and 5% CM compost amendment could have higher removal efficiency of total toxicity equivalency (74%) than non-bioaugmented reactor R5 (70%) and bioaugmented R6 (42%) by 10% SSL compost amendment. Phenol, catechol, salicylic acid, methyl salicylate and dichlorobenzoic acid as metabolic product identified from positive and negative model by LC-ESI-MS/MS provided the evidences for dioxins biodegradation in our research.
Overall, our results demonstrated that biodegradation of highly chlorinated dioxins can be enhanced with bacterial agents and nutrient supplied in our novel bioaugmented reactor system. The parameters and relevant knowledge obtained from this study can be valuable for future applications.

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