量子計算利用量子力學中特有的性質，提供了優於古典計算理論之嶄新資訊處理方法。單向量子計算 (one-way computation)為其中一種重要計算模型，量子計算任務可透過準備好特定的圖態 (graph state)及對每個量子位元特定量測即可達成。然而實現單向量子計算的過程中，可能因環境干擾或實驗上不可預期之因素使計算過程能被古典實在論所描述。本研究透過嶄新之觀點：基於古典節點之古典計算過程的方法，識別實驗單向量子計算的信賴性。此外由於光子容易傳送的特性，使其適用於單向量子計算以完成量子網路及分散式量子計算的，因此本研究為首次在光子實驗中應用此理論來排除古典模仿的存在；首先，我們透過干涉高於92%保真度之二對糾纏光子實現每秒約75對以Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger態 (GHZ state)為目標態之糾纏四光子，並使用我們提出的量子關聯標準，識別出其具有純四光子量子操控性 (genuine multipartite quantum steering)。透過此四光子狀態並進而轉換成單向量子計算所需的星狀圖態，用於執行通用單量子位元、雙量子位元量子邏輯閘，並透過量子過程斷層掃描 (quantum process tomography)完整特徵化實驗上實現之量子運算。我們更進一步驗證了實驗邏輯閘可以超越基於古典節點之古典過程，因此實驗上實現了半裝置無關單向量子計算。本研究也開展了多項重要之研究課題，例如完成真正的單向量子計算所需之物理資源；以及其他諸如在量子隱形傳態之量子網路應用中。

Quantum computation uses the peculiar properties of quantum mechanics to provide a new information processing method far exceeding the classical computation theory. One-way computation is one of the important computational models. Quantum computing tasks can be accomplished by preparing specific graph states and performing specific measurements on each qubit. However, in the process of realizing the one-way quantum computation, the process of one-way computation can be described by classical realism due to environmental interference or unpredictable factors in the experiment. This research identifies the reliability of experimental one-way quantum computation through a new viewpoint: the classical computation process based on classical nodes and applies this method to this experiment for the first time. In addition, due to the characteristics of easy transmission of photons, it is suitable for one-way quantum computation and applied to quantum networks and distributed quantum computation. Therefore, this study is the first to use this method in the photonic experiment to exclude the existence of classical mimicry. In this experiment, first, we use interference with two pairs of entangled photons with fidelities higher than 92%. To achieve about 75 pairs per second of entangled four-photon states with Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state (GHZ state) as the target state and use our proposed quantum correlation criterion to identify it with genuine four-photon quantum steering. Through this four-photon state and then converted into a star graph state required for the one-way quantum computation, it is used to implement universal single-qubit and two-qubit quantum logic gates, and fully characterize experimentally implemented quantum operations through quantum process tomography. We further verified that the experimental logic gates can surpass the classical process based on classical nodes, so we experimentally realize the semi-device independent one-way quantum computation. This study also carried out a number of important research topics, such as the physical resources required to perform genuine one-way quantum computation; and other quantum network applications such as quantum teleportation.

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