利用人體掃描機建立人體模型相關研究已進行了數十年，其中以頭部模型的重建也是相當重要的研究課題，由於人體顱顏的特徵細微且多變，使得欲維護保持頭部的原貌特徵，或是為了即時動態表情的呈現而採用簡化模型，造成部分特徵的消失，成為研究工作上難以拿捏與取捨的關鍵，其主要的原因在於人體掃描得到的資料點數龐大且毫無結構性，如果以人工的方式進行特徵辨識，不僅特徵位置的判定上缺乏客觀性，且所得的特徵數據重現性不高。本文發展一套客觀且自動化的特徵搜尋系統，並且利用搜尋得到的特徵點與特徵線重新建構頭部模型，能夠大量地簡化掃描點，更兼具完整保持頭部的幾何特徵，以此基礎將可應用於多媒體影像傳輸、電腦動畫逼真模擬等領域。

　　本文介紹如何依據MPEG-4 所制定的特徵點定義，將特徵點的幾何定義轉化為數學定義，撰寫演算法並利用電腦自動化搜尋人體顱顏上的特徵點與特徵線，重建出具有人體頭部幾何特徵之顱顏模型。除此之外，為了補足影像上特徵遺失的問題，更建立頭部影像貼圖技術，提供半自動化的影像與幾何特徵匹配，使展現逼真的三維顱顏資訊。

　　The research invoking body scanner to reconstruct human digital model has carried on for a few decades. Digital head reconstruction is also one of its important research topics. Due to the features of human head is rather complex and changeable, the issue of how to preserve the original features of the digital head and how to simplify it for the purpose of generating coherence facial expression, become crucial issues. The main problem of the issue starts from the human body scanner, the extracted cloud data are huge and unstructured. If we manually pinpoint the feature points, it may lack of uniqueness from the previous selection. Therefore we develop an automatic feature extraction system, in order to reconstruct the digital head from those feature points and feature lines. The outcomes reveal both of simplifying scanning data and preserving the head’s geometric features simultaneously. Based on it, we are able to apply to multi-media image transmission or real
like emulation in computer animation.

　　In this thesis, we introduce the mathematically definitions of the feature points which are mostly defined in ISO/IEC/JTCI/SC29/WG11N4030 MPEG-4. By invoking computer algorithms to extract features on a scanning head, we are able to re-construct the digital head automatically. In addition, for the purpose of solving the problem of lacking image feature data, we developed textural mapping technique to match both pictures and geometric head. A real-like 3D digital head on screen is possible.

[1] Gu, Hua, Guangda Su, and Cheng Du, “Feature Points Extraction from Faces,” Proceedings of Image and Vision Computing New Zealand.Conference, pp.154-158, 2003.

[2] Lam, Kin-Man, and Yan-Lin Li, “An Efficient Approach for Facial Feature Detection,” the fourth International Conference on Signal Processing, Vol. 2, pp.1100 - 1103, 1998.

[3] Lam, Kin-Man, and Hong Yan, “Locating And Extracting The Eye In Human Face Image,”the 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 1996.

[4] Gordon, Gaile G., “Face Recognition based on Depth Maps and Surface Curvature,” Proceedings of SPIE: Geometric Methods in Computer Vision, Vol. 1570, pp. 234–247, 1991.

[5] Tanaka, H.T., Ikeda, M., and Chiaki, H., “3-D Face Recognition using Curvature Maps,” the third International Conference on IEEE Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 1998.

[6] Lin, I-Chen, Jeng-Sheng Yeh, and Ming Ouhyoung, “Realistic 3D Facial Animation Parameters from Mirror-Reflected Multi-View Video,” Proceedings of Computer Animation, pp.2-11, Korea, 2001.

[7] Richard, Lengagne, Jean-Philippe Tarel, and Olivier Monga, “From 2D Images to 3D Face Geometry,” the Second International Conference on IEEE Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, October 1996.

[8] 楊孟哲，“Delaunay 三角化於臉部辨識之應用”，國立中山大學應用數學研究所碩士論文，1999。

[9] Yen, Gary G., and Nethrie Nithianandan, “Facial Feature Extraction Using Genetic Algorithm,” the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, pp.1895-1900, 2002.

[10] Lin, C.H. and Wu, and J.L., “Automatic Facial Feature Extraction by Genetic Algorithms” IEEE Transactions On Image Processing,pp.834-845, 1999.

[11] Jesorsky, Oliver, Klaus J. Kirchberg, and Robert W. Frischholz, “Robust Face Detection Using the Hausdor Distance,” the third International Conference on Audio- and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication,pp. 90–95, 2001.

[12] Lee, R.S.T., Liu, and J.N.K, “An Integrated Elastic Contour Fitting and Attribute Graph Matching Model for Automatic Face Coding and Recognition,” the third International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information Engineering Systems, pp.292 -295, 1999.

[13] Parke, F. I., “Parameterized Models for Facial Animation,” IEEE Computer Gwraphics, and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 9, pp.61–68, 1982.

[14] Platt, S. M. and N. I. Badler, “Animating Facial Expressions,” Proceedings of SIGGRAPH ’81 Conference, pages 245–252, 1981.

[15] Marc, Proesmans, and Luc Van Gool, “Reading between the Lines - A Method for Extracting Dynamic 3D with Texture”, Proceedings of VRST’97, pp. 95-102, 1997.

[16] Akimoto, T., Y. Suenaga, and R. S. Wallace, “Automatic Creation of 3d Facial Models,” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 13, Issue 5, pp. 16-22, September 1993.

[17] Marschner, Stephen R., Brian Guenter, and Sashi Raghupathy,“Modeling and Rendering for Realistic Facial Animation,” Proceedings of the 11th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Czech Republic, June 2000.

[18] Borghese, N. A., and S. Ferrari, “A Portable Modular System for Automatic Acquisition of 3-D Objects,” IEEE Trans. on Instr. and Meas.,Vol. 49, pp. 1128-1136, Oct. 2000.

[19] DeCarlo, Douglas, Dimitris N. Metaxas, and Matthew Stone, “An Anthropometric Face Model Using Variational Techniques,” Proceedings of SIGGRAPH Conference, pp. 67–75, July 1998.

[20] http://www.viewpoint/com/freestuff/cyberscan

[21] Fua, P., “A Parallel Stereo Algorithm that Produces Dense Depth Maps and Preserves Image Features” Machine Vision Applications , Vol. 6, No.1, pp. 35-49, 1993.

[22] Pighin, F., J. Hecker, D. Lischinski, R. Szeliski, and D.H. Salesin,“Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs,”Proceedings of SIGGRAPH’98 Conference, pp. 75–84, July 1998.

[23] Lee, Yuencheng, D. Terzopoulos, and K. Waters, “Realistic Modeling for Facial Animation,” In SIGGRAPH 95 Conference Proceedings, pp.55–62, July 1995.

[24] Loop, C. T., “Smooth Subdivision Surfaces Based on Triangles” Master thesis, Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, 1987.

[25] Jeong, W.-K., K. Kähler, J. Haber, and H.-P. Seidel, “Automatic Generation of Subdivision Surface Head Models from Point Cloud Data,” Proceedings of Graphics Interface, pp. 181-188, May 2002.

[26] D'Apuzzo, N., “Modeling human faces with multi-image
photogrammetry,” Proceedings of SPIE: 3-Dimensional image capture and applications V, Vol. 4661, pp. 191-197, 2002.

[27] Grün, A., “Adaptive Least Squares Correlation: a Powerful Image Matching Technique,” South African Journal of Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Cartography, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp.175-187, 1985.

[28] Lee, Won-Sook, and Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, “Fast Head Modeling for Animation,” Journal of Image and Vision Computing, Vol. 18, No. 4,pp.355-364, Elsevier, March, 2000.

[29] Waters, K., “A Muscle Model for Animating Three-Dimensional Facial Expression,” Proceedings of SIGGRAPH ’87 Conference on Computer Graphices, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp.17-24, 1987.

[30] Terzopulous, D. and K. Waters, “Analysis of Dynamic Facial Images using Physical and Anatomical Models,” the third International Conference on Computer Vision, pp.727-732, 1990.

[31] Chadwick, J. E., D. R. Haumann, and R. E. Parent, “Layered Construction for Deformable Animated Characters,” Proceedings of SIGGRAPH’89 Conference on ACM, Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 243–252, July 1989.

[32] Kähler, K., J. Haber, and H.-P. Seidel, “Reanimating the Dead: Reconstruction of Expressive Faces from Skull Data,” Proceedings of the 2003 SIGGRAPH Conference, Vol. 22, Issue 3 pp. 554-561, July 2003.

[33] 楊宜學、游志雲、葉蕙芳、陳志勇，“勞工頭型模式之研究”， 勞委會安全衛生研究所，IOSH83-H222，1994。

[34] 陳冠臻，“以影像為依據建立三維立體模型”，國立中山大學資訊工程研究所碩士論文，2001。

[35] 蔡士豪，“以實際影像序列為依據之人臉動作模擬”， 國立中山大學資訊工程研究所碩士論文，2001。

[36] 蔡明俊，“影像編碼壓縮方法及具人體特徵化資料結構”，中華民國專利，核准字號(92)智專二(二) 04083 字第195369 號, 2004。

[37] 陳冠宏，“3D 人體點資料的特徵萃取與電腦人模建立”，國立成功大學機械工程研究所碩士論文，2001。

[38] 林長慶，“人體掃瞄機之研發與其點資料處理之研究”，國立成功大學機械工程研究所碩士論文，2003。

[39] Gonzalez, R.C., and R. E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing,” 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2002.

[40] Wang M. J., W. Y. WU, L. K. Huang, and D. M. Wang, “Corner detection using bending value,” Pattern Recognition Letters Vol.16, pp. 575-583,1995.

[41] Roger, David F. and, J. Alan Adams, “Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics,” 2nd Edition,International Editions, McGraw-Hill,2000.

[42] Puri A. and A. Eleftheriadis, “MPEG-4: An Object-Based Multimedia Coding Standard Supporting Mobile Applications,” ACM Mobile Networks and Applications, vol.3, pp.5–31, June 1998.

[43] Koenen, Rob, “Overview of the MPEG-4 Standard,”ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N4030, March 2001.

[44] 陳治評，“自動化人體計測與電腦人模之建立”，國立成功大學機械工程研究所碩士論文，2003。

[45] 葉泰延，“立體剪裁電腦人模建立與縮放技術”，國立成功大學機械工程研究所碩士論文，2000。