人類的基因體中有超過50%比例的重複性序列，這些重複性序列目前瞭解可能與造成染色體結構的多樣性相關。本研究之目的是探討基因體重複性序列與甲基化修飾對基因表現之影響。低重複性序列（low copy repeat; LCR）是一種新定義的人類重複的DNA元件，推測LCR會經由非等位基因同源重组的機制形成缺失造成染色體顯微缺失症候群。為了要清楚分析這些低重複性序列，我們下載人類基因體序列，並利用生物資訊工具加以分析找尋剖析全基因體LCRs區域。以染色體22q11.2常見缺失區域為例，我們找出具體更精細的九個LCRs區域。同時我們發展出一套即時定量PCR的方法來檢測此區域的染色體套數。利用122例疑似DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndromes患者進行檢測的結果證實臨床診斷染色體 22q11.2微缺失使用即時定量PCR檢測是可行的。此外，先前研究顯示癌細胞的染色體不穩定與基因體的高度重複性序列（例如LINE-1，SINE-Alu和-satellite）的低甲基化具有高度相關性。已知EB病毒會促成Burkitt’s淋巴瘤和鼻咽癌的染色體不穩定。因此我們針對基因體的高度重複性序列研究在不同EB病毒蛋白表現的情況下，這些序列甲基化的程度及對基因體基因表現的影響。EB病毒在由潛伏期轉換成裂解期時，病毒蛋白Zta以表觀遺傳機制使原本沉默的病毒基因逆轉表現來啟始潛伏期。我們以大量表現Zta蛋白的方式來模擬EB病毒轉活化，以此探討宿主細胞全基因體的甲基化變化情形。我們的數據推測，鼻咽癌細胞全基因體甲基化無關於Zta大量表現模擬EB病毒轉活化，並且Zta介導的基因激活無需甲基化修飾在鼻咽癌細胞基因上。針對EB病毒潛伏時期的重要蛋白LMP1，我們利用甲基化敏感限制性內切酶NotI結合啟動子晶片來探討LMP1大量表現於於BJAB細胞中全基因體的甲基化特徵。我們的數據顯示雖然基因體在整體的甲基化程度上沒有發生巨大的改變，但甲基模式在特殊區域及一些個別基因的啟動子有改變，這些包括重複序列LINE-1的過甲基化，-satellite的低甲基化和X染色體不平衡失活。這樣的結果與DNMT3b表現量增加相符合。在LMP1表現的基因表達晶片上有差異的基因與細胞週期調控和淋巴癌生物標記有高度相關性。結合啟動子及基因表達晶片結果顯示，多數在基因表達晶片上有表現差異的基因並沒有在啟動子上有甲基化的變化。由此我們的研究結果顯示LMP1表現不透過甲基化來改變基因體基因表現。相反的，EBV感染過程中LMP1引起宿主基因表達可能主要透過訊號傳導途徑。

Human genome contains more than 50% proportion of repetitive DNA sequences, mostly involved chromosome structural diversity. The objective of this dissertation is to study of the impact of genomic repetitive sequences and DNA methylation on gene expression. Low copy repeat (LCR) is a new class of repetitive DNA element and has been implicated in many human disorders through non-allelic homologous recombination mechanism. In order to dissect and refine region-specific LCRs, we downloaded and analyzed the publicly available human genome sequences using computational approaches. We further took the common deletion region in chromosome 22q11.2 as an example to illustrate the use of real-time quantitative PCR assay to detect micro deletion in this region. The assay was validated in 122 patients with suspected DiGeorge/velocardiofacial (DGS/VCFS) syndromes. Our results indicated that the developed assay is reliable for clinical diagnosis. In addition, global hypomethylation of repetitive genomic sequences such as long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1), SINE-Alu and alpha-satellite (-satellite) sequences has been associated with chromosomal instability in cancers. In addition, it has been reported that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) promotes genomic instability in Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Thus, we investigated the methylation status of high repetitive genomic sequences under the expressions of different EBV proteins, and the impact on gene expression. EBV alternates between latency and lytic replication, and the lytic cycle is initiated when epigenetic silencing is reversed by Zta protein. We first examined methylation levels in a Zta-expression model to determine the genomic methylation of NPC cells upon EBV reactivation. Our data suggest that alteration of NPC cellular gene expression following EBV reactivation reflects methylation-independent Zta-mediated gene activation and not epigenetic modification of the host genome. Next, we analyzed the whole genome methylation profile in EBV-encoded oncoprotein latent membrane protein (LMP1)-expressing BJAB cells. By using methylation-sensitive NotI restriction enzyme, we studied promoter methylation pattern of individual genes at genomic scale. Although the overall methylation content was not changed dramatically, it reshuffled methylation marks of individual genes and specific regions including overmethylation of LINE-1, hypomethylation of -satellite, and unbalanced X chromosome inactivation. Overall, these data consist with the result that LMP1 increases DNMT3b expression. Furthermore, our data demonstrated the genes where expression level was significantly altered in BJAB-LMP1 cells are highly associated with cell cycle regulation and the biological markers of lymphoma. Finally, our data suggested that alteration of gene expression observed in BJAB-LMP1 cells is not through the change in promoter methylation. Rather, LMP1-mediated signaling may play significant role in eliciting host gene expression during EBV infection.

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