茶籽粕為茶籽粹取油後所剩下的農業廢棄物。儘管茶籽粕含有豐富的天然化合物，但其高含量的茶皂素因具有毒性限制了其應用。因此，本研究旨在降低茶籽粕提取物中茶皂素的含量，並利用脂多糖 (lipopolysaccharides，LPS) 誘導發炎的 RAW 264.7 細胞模型以及利用棕櫚酸 (palmitic acid，PA) 誘導胰島素阻抗的 HepG2 細胞模型，探索茶籽粕低皂素萃取物（TSMSRE）的抗發炎潛力和抗胰島素阻抗潛力。
經皂素減少過程後，TSMSRE的茶皂素含量約為茶籽粕粗萃取物（TSMCE）的十分之一。更重要的是，TSMSRE在RAW 264.7細胞和HepG2細胞中的細胞毒性明顯低於TSMCE。進一步的分析顯示TSMSRE中存在的主要化合物為類黃酮 (flavonoid)。在抗發炎實驗中，TSMSRE作為強效的抑制抗發炎介質的抑制劑，在RAW 264.7細胞中顯著抑制了TNF-α、IL-1β、NO、PGE2、iNOS和COX-2的產生。此外，TSMSRE通過抑制RAW 264.7細胞中NF-κB和MAPK的細胞訊息傳遞路徑來發揮其抗發炎作用。在抗胰島素阻抗實驗中，TSMSRE通過顯著提高葡萄糖攝取及增強GLUT2、GLUT4和GSK-3β的表達，並抑制棕櫚酸引發的糖質新生 (Gluconeogenesis) 的高表現以達到抗胰島素阻抗的作用。此外，TSMSRE通過抑制HepG2細胞中MAPK的細胞訊息傳遞路徑，展現其抗胰島素阻抗效果。
總結來說，本研究結果表明TSMSRE能有效改善RAW 264.7細胞中脂多糖誘導的發炎反應和改善HepG2細胞中棕櫚酸誘導的胰島素阻抗。這些結果表明TSMSRE可做為一種有前景的抗發炎和抗胰島素阻抗的製劑。

Tea seed meal, derived from Camellia sinensis, possesses a richness of natural compounds. However, its considerable content of tea saponins raises concerns regarding cytotoxicity, posing a limitation on its utilization. Therefore, our study focused on reducing the tea saponin content in tea seed meal extract and exploring the anti-inflammatory potential of tea seed meal saponin-reduced extract (TSMSRE) using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell model and the anti-insulin resistance potential of TSMSRE using a palmitic acid-stimulated insulin resistance HepG2 cell model.
Following the saponin-reduction process, TSMSRE exhibited an approximately tenfold lower tea saponin content compared to that found in the tea seed meal crude extract (TSMCE). Importantly, TSMSRE displayed a significantly lower cytotoxicity compared to TSMCE in RAW 264.7 cells and HepG2 cells. Further analysis revealed the major compounds existed in TSMSRE were flavonoids. In the evaluation of its anti-inflammatory properties, TSMSRE exhibited as a potent suppressor of inflammatory mediators by markedly inhibiting the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, PGE2, iNOS, and COX-2 in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, TSMSRE exerts its anti-inflammatory property by suppressing the activations of NF-κB and MAPK in RAW 264.7 cells. In the evaluation of its anti-insulin resistance properties, TSMSRE served as an anti-insulin resistance role by markedly improving glucose consumption, the expressions of GLUT 2, GLUT4, and GSK-3β and inhibiting the high expression gluconeogenesis in PA-activated HepG2 cells. In addition, TSMSRE exhibits its anti-insulin resistance effect by suppressing activation of MAPK in HepG2 cells.
In summary, our findings indicated that the anti-inflammatory potential of TSMSRE in ameliorating LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells and the anti-insulin resistance potential of TSMSRE in ameliorating PA-induced insulin resistant in HepG2 cells. These results position TSMSRE as a promising agent for anti-inflammatory effect and anti-insulin resistance effect.

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