本文研究主題為粒子尺寸及形狀對乾燥顆粒物質之巨觀力學影響，論文分成三個部分：1.顆粒阻塞，在阻塞機制中，顆粒和漏槽的幾何性質影響堆積和流動的情況。2. 膠結劑排列方式和顆粒分布對鐵路道碴顆粒內膠結劑分布的影響。3.由微細玻璃顆粒的往復軸壓來探討室溫下的燒結現象。

顆粒阻塞:
實驗中以壓克力製造的二維靜態和旋轉漏槽來進行橢圓顆粒的近似二維流動。以壓克力製造的橢圓有五種不同的外觀比例:1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0。在靜態漏槽中，顆粒在漏槽內靜態堆積後，把開口打開讓顆粒流動。而旋轉漏槽是藉由漏槽的旋轉讓顆粒流動。實驗的觀察包含阻塞機率和成拱顆粒數等。無因次化的開口為開口尺寸和橢圓短軸方向距離的比值。

在靜態漏槽中，阻塞情形主要受到顆粒初始堆積結構的影響。顆粒的外觀比例和漏槽坡度影響堆積結構。對於顆粒外觀比例，增加外觀比例會增加平緩坡度上的阻塞機率，但在較陡的坡度則呈現波動的狀態。這是因為較陡的坡影響顆粒旋轉較多，因此外觀比例大的顆粒被影響較多。對於漏槽坡度，增加漏槽坡度會減少阻塞的機率和成拱的顆粒數。在坡度較陡的漏槽中，顆粒堆積結構較不穩定，強力鍊較難形成。強的力鍊較可能在接近開口而流動通道減小的時候，藉由顆粒之間的擠壓接觸而形成。在較大漏槽開口和較大坡度的時候，成拱顆粒數隨著外觀比例增加而增加，因為此時橢圓顆粒以接近短軸的地方接觸形成力鍊。對於阻塞結果來說，橢圓外觀比例和漏槽坡度兩者會相互影響。

在旋轉漏槽中，阻塞情形主要受到流動空間縮小的影響。漏槽開口寬度和坡度是造成流動空間縮小的原因。坡度60度的漏槽影響橢圓顆粒的旋轉。對於橢圓外觀比例，增加外觀比例會增加阻塞機率和成拱顆粒數。因為較細長的橢圓有較多可能接觸的形式，且橢圓顆粒多以接近短軸的地方接觸形成力鍊。對於較大的開口，拱形會較為對稱。因為較大的開口需要較多顆粒形成拱，較對稱的拱形能提升拱的穩定度。

在靜態和旋轉漏槽中，顆粒經歷了不同的初始狀態。在靜態漏槽中，阻塞情形主要受到顆粒初始堆積結構的影響。而旋轉漏槽中，阻塞情形主要受到流動過程中流動空間縮小的影響。兩者之間的差異影響了不同外觀比例橢圓顆粒的阻塞情形。

鐵路道碴顆粒內的膠結劑分布:
鐵路道碴顆粒內的膠結劑分布以數值模擬軟體ANSYS©來模擬。使用anti-thixotropic的非牛頓流體來說明膠結劑的凝固現象。模擬為暫態分析。研究中以兩種模型來模擬道碴顆粒:八面體模型和混合的多面體模型。其中第二種為遵循真實鐵路道碴規範的模型。藉由不同的膠結劑凝固速度、膠結劑配置和顆粒分布來觀察鐵路道碴顆粒內的膠結劑分布情形。

八面體顆粒模型部分，從模擬結果得知凝固速度影響膠結劑的垂直延伸。對於不同的膠結劑配置，當膠結劑集中一桶澆注的時候，膠結劑難以側向延伸到接近道碴顆粒容器壁的位置，但可以延伸到較深的地方。當膠結劑配置為矩陣分散的話，則情況相反。因此透過膠結劑矩陣配置，加上調整膠結劑的量，可達到較全面的膠結劑分布。在類似真實道碴顆粒的模型方面，從模擬結果得知膠結劑網狀排列的膠結劑分布範圍較矩陣排列廣。固定膠結劑為網狀配置的話，顆粒均勻分布的情況下膠結劑能延伸到較深的位置。這是因為在道碴顆粒堆底部的顆粒，在顆粒均勻分布下的平均顆粒尺寸較顆粒尺寸分層的大，顆粒之間的孔隙也較大，膠結劑能延伸到較深的位置。

因此，膠結劑的凝固速度影響膠結劑在道碴顆粒內垂直方向的延伸，而側向的延伸則是受到膠結劑配置的影響。除此之外，如果在道碴顆粒尺寸分層的情況下進行澆注的話，則膠結劑的分布範圍會因此減少。

微細玻璃顆粒的往復軸壓:
微細玻璃顆粒的往復軸壓以數值模擬軟體ANSYS©來研究，探討室溫下壓縮導致的燒結現象。玻璃為一種非晶體材料。研究中微細玻璃顆粒被考慮為等向的彈塑性固體，應力應變關係採用雙線性模組。藉由不同的顆粒配置、絕熱條件和壓縮週期來觀察溫度和壓力的提升是否足以讓燒結發生。

絕熱條件和壓縮週期影響熱傳和溫度數值。在往復軸向壓縮的過程中，顆粒接觸點附近的溫度較高應力較大，提供兩個驅使燒結的機制。當接觸的玻璃球為不同尺寸或者同時和較多玻璃球接觸的時候，溫度和應力的提升更為明顯。

然而，並非所有玻璃球都會發生燒結。滿足以下條件的玻璃球有較高的可能性發生燒結: A.在力鍊上、B.經歷連續壓縮、C.較少的熱流失。在熱流失的部分，雖然實際上在壓縮的過程中要完全絕熱較難達成，仍可藉由縮短壓縮週期來減少熱的流失。

The present study studies the influence of granulometry on macroscopic mechanical characteristics of dry granular matter. The thesis is divided into three parts: 1. Particle jamming, in depositing and flow circumstances for the influences of geometric properties of particle and hopper in jamming mechanism. 2. Gluing solution distribution in a railway ballast for the influences of the gluing solution layouts and the distributions of gravels. 3. Tiny glass beads in oscillating diametric compression to interpret the sintering at room temperature.

Particle jamming:
Two-dimensional static and rotating hoppers of Plexiglas are constructed to conduct quasi two-dimensional flows of elliptical disks in experiments. The disks of Plexiglas are made with varied aspect ratios of [1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0]. In static hoppers, the disks are deposited into the hoppers and flow by removing the obstacle of opening. In rotating hoppers, the disks flow by a rotation of the hopper. The observation of experiments includes jamming probability and disk number consisting of arches. The dimensionless hopper opening is a ratio of opening size and shorter axis of the elliptical disks.

In static hoppers, jamming is mainly influenced by the initial depositing structures of the disks. Aspect ratio of the disks and the hopper slope affect the structures. For aspect ratios, increasing aspect ratio increases the jamming probability for gentle hopper slopes, but fluctuations occur for steeper slopes. This is because a steeper slope affects disk rotations more. Then, the disks of large aspect ratio are influenced more. For hopper slopes, increasing hopper slope decreases the jamming probability and the disk number of jamming arches. In the hoppers of steeper slopes, the depositing structures of the disks are more unstable and strong force chains are hardly formed. Strong force chains are more likely formed under the contraction of the flow passage because of the solid contacts. For steeper hoppers and larger openings, the disk number of jamming arches increases as the aspect ratio increases because of force chains along the shorter axes of elliptical disks. For jamming results, aspect ratios of the disks and hopper slopes can affect mutually.

In rotating hoppers, jamming is mainly caused by the contraction of the flow passage. Hopper opening width and slope are the causes of the contraction. The hopper slopes of 60° affect the rotation of the elliptical disks. For aspect ratios, increasing aspect ratio increases jamming probability and the disk number of jamming arches. The elongated disks have more possible disk-disk contact forms and the force chains mostly form along the direction close to the shorter axes of elliptical disks. For larger openings, the arch formation of the disks is more symmetrical. The larger opening means more disks to form an arch. The more symmetrical arch formation can improve the stability of the arches.

The disks in static hoppers or rotating hoppers experience different initial status. In static hoppers, jamming is mainly influenced by the initial depositing structures of the disks. In rotating hoppers, jamming is mainly influenced by the contraction of the flow passage during flows. This difference affects the jamming results of various aspect ratios.

Gluing solution distribution in a railway ballast:
The distribution of gluing solution in railway ballast is investigated by numerical simulation ANSYS©. The anti-thixotropic non-Newtonian fluid is proposed to illustrate the solidification process of gluing solution phenomenologically. The simulation is transient analysis. There are two ballast models to simulate realistic ballast: the octahedral model and the mixed polyhedral model. The second model follows the regulations in railway ballast practice. Different solidification speed, the layouts of gluing solution and the distributions of gravels are considered to observe the distributions of gluing solution in ballast models.

In the simulations of the octahedral model, the solidification speed affects the vertical extension of gluing solution. For the layouts of gluing solution, when the layout was single unit in the middle, the gluing solution cannot extend laterally to the ballast gravels near container walls, but it can extend deeply. When layout was matrix, it is an opposite situation. The matrix layouts with adjusted solution amount can achieve more comprehensive distributions of gluing solution.

In the simulations of the mixed polyhedral model, the network layouts provide wider distributions of gluing solution than the matrix layouts. For fixed layouts of network, when the distributions of gravels were uniform, the gluing solution can extend deeply. This is because the average gravel size of uniform distribution is larger than size segregation at the bottom of the ballast gravels, which makes the voids between gravels larger. Therefore, the gluing solution can relatively extend to the deeper position.

The solidification speeds affect the vertical extension of gluing solution. The lateral extension is influenced by the layouts of gluing solution. Further, if the gravels in the ballast models were size-segregated, the distribution area of gluing solution is reduced.

Tiny glass beads in oscillating diametric compression:
Tiny glass beads in oscillating diametric compression is investigated by numerical simulation ANSYS© to interpret the sintering induced by the compression at room temperature. Glass is an amorphous material. The tiny glass beads are considered as isotropic elasto-plastic solids. The stress-strain relation uses the bilinear model. Different particle configurations, diatheraml conditions and compression periods are considered to observe if the temperature and stress rises are sufficient for sintering.

The diathermal conditions and compression periods affect the heat transfer and temperature values. During compression cycles, the temperature and stress values near the contact points of glass beads are larger, which provides two driving mechanisms for sintering. When the glass beads were in contact with different size neighbors or with more neighbors simultaneously, the temperature and stress rise more.

However, not all glass beads can experience sintering. The glass beads satisfying below conditions have a higher probability: A. in the force chains, B. under continuous compression, and C. less heat loss. Although adiabatic condition is hard to achieve during compression process in reality, it still can reduce the heat loss by shortening the compression period.

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