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研究生：	賴炫霖 Lai, Hsuan-Lin
論文名稱：	應用於白光發光二極體之磷酸系LiBaPO4: Re (Re= Tm3+, Tb3+, Tb3+/ Ce3+) 螢光材料之研究 Research on LiBaPO4: Re (Re= Tm3+, Tb3+, Tb3+/ Ce3+) phosphate based phosphors applied in white light LED
指導教授：	張守進 Chang, Shoou-Jinn
共同指導教授:	楊茹媛 Yang, Ru-Yuan
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 微電子工程研究所 Institute of Microelectronics
論文出版年：	2018
畢業學年度：	106
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	70
中文關鍵詞：	螢光粉、磷酸、熱穩定性、微波、燒結、增感劑
外文關鍵詞：	phosphor, phosphate, thermal stability, microwave, sintering, sensitizer
相關次數：	點閱：109 下載：3
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在本論文中，我們選用LiBaPO4做為主體晶格。並摻雜Tm3+、Tb3+及Tb3+, Ce3+以製備藍光及綠光螢光粉。
在摻雜Tm3+部分，利用傳統高溫爐製備螢光粉，並討論其微結構及發光特性。為了做比較，另外利用微波輔助燒結法以相同的燒結條件製備螢光粉。結果顯示，利用微波輔助燒結法製備之螢光粉可得到結晶性較佳，粉體分散性較佳及發光強度較佳的螢光粉。
在摻雜Tb3+部分，利用傳統高溫爐製備螢光粉，並討論其微結構及發光特性。
為了做比較，另外添加Ce3+增感劑以相同的燒結條件製備螢光粉。結果顯示，添加Ce3+增感劑的螢光粉其最佳激發波段，可由中紫外光調整至近紫外光波段。
針對Tb3+, Ce3+共摻雜螢光粉，我們額外探討其熱穩定性並與市售YAG: Ce螢光粉比較。由分析結果可知，Tb3+, Ce3+共摻雜螢光粉其熱穩定性優於市售YAG: Ce螢光粉，應可應用於高功率白光LED。

In this dissertation, we choose LiBaPO4 as host. And doped with Tm3+, Tb3+ and Tb3+ , Ce3+ ions to synthesis blue and green phosphors.
In the part of doped Tm3+, the phosphors was prepared by conventional furnace, and its microstructure and photoluminescent properties were discussed. In addition, the microwave-assisted sintering method was used to prepare the phosphors under the same sintering conditions. The results show that the phosphors prepared by the microwave- assisted method can be used to obtain with better crystallinity , better phospor dispersion and better photoluminescence intensity.
In the part of doped Tb3+, the phosphors was prepared by conventional furnace, and its microstructure and photoluminescent properties were discussed. For the purpose of comparison, additional Ce3+ sensitizer was used to prepare the phosphors under the same sintering conditions. The results show that the best excitation band of the phosphor adding Ce3+ sensitizer can be adjusted from the medium ultraviolet to the near ultraviolet band.
For Tb3+, Ce3+ co-doped phosphor, we additionally investigate its thermal stability and compare it with commercial YAG: Ce. From the analysis results, Tb3+, Ce3+ co-doped phosphor is better than the commercial YAG: Ce, should be applied to high-power WLED.

摘要	I
Abstract	II
誌謝	III
Contents	IV
Table Captions	VI
Figure Captions	VII
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1.1 Brief introduction of phosphors	1
1.2 The structure of ABPO4	2
1.2.1 The structure of LiBaPO4	3
1.3 Motivation of this study	3
Reference	5
Chapter 2 Basic Theory	12
2.1 Fluorescence and phosphorescence	12
2.1.1 Luminescence property of the rare earth elements	13
2.2 Properties of phosphors	14
2.2.1 Concentration quenching effect	14
2.2.2 Thermal quenching effect	14
2.2.3 Poisoning	14
2.3 Microwave-assisted sintering method	15
Reference	18
Chapter 3 Experimental procedures	24
3.1 Experiment materials	24
3.2 Experiment procedures	24
3.2.1 Fabrication of LiBaPO4: Tm3+ phosphors by conventional furnance	25
3.2.2 Fabrication of LiBaPO4: Tm3+ phosphors by microwave-assisted sintering	25
3.2.3 Fabrication of LiBaPO4: Tb3+ phosphors by conventional furnance	25
3.2.4 Fabrication of LiBaPO4: Tb3+, Ce3+ phosphors by conventional furnance	26
3.3 Measurement system	26
3.3.1 X-ray diffraction	26
3.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope	26
3.3.3 Photoluminescence	27
Reference	28
Chapter 4 Results and discussion	31
4.1 Preparation of LiBaPO4: Tm3+ phosphor and its properties	31
4.1.1 Effects of Tm3+ concentration	31
4.1.2 Effects of sintering methods	33
4.2 Preparation of LiBaPO4: Tb3+, Ce3+ phosphor and its properties	36
4.2.1 Effects of Tb3+ concentration	36
4.2.2 Effects of Ce3+ co-doped sensitized	39
Reference	45
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Future Works	65
5.1 Conclusions	65
5.2 Future works	66
Vita	67
Publish List	68

Table Captions
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
Table 1-1 The comparison of various types of lighting equipment.	8
Table 1-2 The research status of ABPO4 structure phosphors.	9

Figure Captions
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
Fig. 1-1 Approaches of WLEDs.	10
Fig. 1-2 Energy transfer diagram of the phosphor.	10
Fig. 1-3 Overall cost of WLEDs.	11
Fig. 1-4 Crystal structure of LiBaPO4.	11
Chapter 2 Basic Theory	12
Fig. 2-1 Molecule energy level diagram for a PL system: (1) light absorption; (2) vibrational relaxation; (3) internal conversion; (4) internal conversion or external conversion; (5) radiative transition; and (6) non-radiative transitions.	19
Fig. 2-2 Energy transformed diagram of excitation energy.	19
Fig. 2-3 Diagram of 4f level transition. (For example: Eu3+).	20
Fig. 2-4 Diagram of the concentration quenching effect.	20
Fig. 2-5 Thermal quenching in the configurational Mordlnate model.	21
Fig. 2-6 Diagram of the poisoning phenomenon.	21
Fig. 2-7 The diagrams of conventional furnace and microwave furnace.	22
Fig. 2-8 The schematic diagram of the molecular movements in the electric field.	22
Fig. 2-9 Frequency dependence of the polarization mechanisms in dielectrics.	23
Chapter 3 Experimental procedures	24
Fig. 3-1 X-ray Powder Diffractometer (from Institute of Materials Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology).	29
Fig. 3-2 Scanning electron microscope (from National Pingtung University of Science and Technology).	29
Fig. 3-3 Spectrofluorimeter (from National Nano Device Laboratories).	30
Chapter 4 Results and discussion	31
Fig. 4-1 (a) X-ray diffraction patterns of LiBa1-xPO4: xTm3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Tm3+ ions; (b) SEM image of LiBa0.985PO4: 0.015Tm3+ phosphor.	48
Fig. 4-2 Emission spectra of LiBa1-xPO4: xTm3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Tm3+ ions (λex= 359 nm). The inset on the right top is the tendency of the blue emission intensity (454nm) for LiBa1-xPO4:xTm3+ at 0 < x ≤ 0.03.	49
Fig. 4-3 The curve of log (I/x) vs. log (x) in LiBa1-xPO4: xTm3+ phosphors with doped Tm3+ concentration at x= 0.02, 0.025, 0.03.	49
Fig. 4-4 The CIE1931 chromaticity diagram of LiBa1-xPO4: xTm3+ phosphors (x= 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03).	50
Fig. 4-5 X-ray diffraction patterns X-ray diffraction patterns of LiBa0.985PO4: 0.015Tm3+ compared by sintered at 1200°C for 3 h in different furnace.	50
Fig. 4-6 (a) SEM image of LiBa0.985PO4: 0.015Tm3+ phosphor sintered at 1200 °C for 3 h in microwave furnace; (b) SEM image of LiBa0.985PO4: 0.015Tm3+ phosphor sintered at 1200 °C for 3 h in conventional furnace.	51
Fig. 4-7 (a) Emission spectra of LiBa1−xPO4: xTm3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Tm3+ ions sintered at 1200 °C for 3 h in microwave furnace (λex= 359 nm). The inset on the top right is the tendency of the blue emission intensity (454 nm) for LiBa1−xPO4: xTm3+ at 0.005 < x ≤ 0.030; (b) Emission spectra of LiBa1−xPO4: xTm3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Tm3+ ions sintered at 1200 °C for 3 h in convemtional furnace (λex= 359 nm). The inset on the top right is the tendency of the blue emission intensity (454 nm) for LiBa1−xPO4: xTm3+ at 0.010 < x ≤ 0.030.	52
Fig. 4-8 The emission spectra of LiBa0.985PO4: 0.015Tm3+ phosphors with different sintering process.	53
Fig. 4-9 The curve of log (I/x) vs. log (x) in LiBa1−xPO4: xTm3+ phosphors with doped Tm3+ concentration at x= 0.02, 0.025, 0.03 using different sintering process.	53
Fig. 4-10 The CIE1931 chromaticity diagram of LiBa0.985PO4: 0.015Tm3+ phosphors using different sintering process.	54
Fig. 4-11 (a) X-ray diffraction patterns of LiBa1-xPO4: xTb3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Tb3+ ions prepared by solid state reaction; (b) SEM image of LiBa0.8PO4: 0.2Tb3+ phosphor prepared by solid state reaction.	55
Fig. 4-12 Emission spectrum of LiBa1-xPO4: xTb3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Tb3+ ions prepared by solid state reaction. (λex= 370 nm)	56
Fig. 4-13 The curve of log (I/x) vs. log (x) in LiBa1-xPO4: xTb3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Tb3+ ions prepared by solid state reaction.	56
Fig. 4-14 The CIE1931 chromaticity diagram of LiBa1-xPO4: xTb3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Tb3+ ions prepared by solid state reaction.	57
Fig. 4-15 Fluorescence decay time of 542 nm emission for LiBa0.8PO4: 0.2Tb3+phosphor prepared by solid state reaction.	57
Fig. 4-16 X-ray diffraction patterns of LiBa1-x-yPO4: xTb3+, yCe3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Tb3+ and Ce3+ ions.	58
Fig. 4-17 Excitation and emission spectra of the LiBa0.95PO4: 0.05Ce3+ phosphor.	59
Fig. 4-18 Excitation and emission spectra of the LiBa0.8PO4: 0.2Tb3+ phosphor.	59
Fig. 4-19 Excitation spectra and emission spectra of the LiBa0.75PO4: 0.2Tb3+, 0.05Ce3+ phosphor. The inset shows the excitation spectra of the LiBa0.95PO4: 0.05Ce3+	60
Fig. 4-20 Schematic for the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+.	60
Fig. 4-21 Emission spectra of LiBa1-0.2-yPO4: 0.2Tb3+, yCe3+ phosphors with different concentrations of Ce3+ ions (λex= 306 nm).	61
Fig. 4-22 The decay curves of the Tb3+ emission at 550 nm in LiBaPO4: 0.2Tb3+, yCe3+, under excitation at 306 nm. The inset shows the dependence of the respective lifetime of Tb3+ on Ce3+ concentration (y) in LiBaPO4: 0.2Tb3+, yCe3+.	61
Fig. 4-23 The curve of log (I/x+y) vs. log (x+y) in LiBa1-x-yPO4: xTb3+, yCe3+ phosphors with doped Tb3+ and Ce3+ concentration at x= 0.2, y= 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, 0.11.	62
Fig. 4-24 The CIE1931 chromaticity diagram of LiBa0.5PO4: 0.2Tb3+, 0.05Ce3+ phosphors. The table shows the CIE1931 chromaticity of the LiBa1-x-yPO4: xTb3+, yCe3+.	62
Fig. 4-25 Temperature-dependent PL spectra of LiBa0.75PO4: 0.2Tb3+, 0.05Ce3+.	63
Fig. 4-26 Temperature-dependent luminescence emission intensity of the LiBa0.75PO4: 0.2Tb3+, 0.05Ce3+ excited at 306 nm, monitored at 550 nm and commercial YAG: Ce3+ excited at 450 nm, monitored at 583 nm measured at temperatures from room temperature to 623.15K.	63
Fig. 4-27 Activation energies of the thermal quenching of LiBa0.75PO4: 0.2Tb3+, 0.05Ce3+ phosphor.	64
Fig. 4-28 Activation energies of the thermal quenching of Commercial YAG phosphor.	64


                                    

Chapter 1
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[2] J. K. Sheu, S. J. Chang, C. H. Kuo, Y. K. Su, L. W. Wu, Y. C. Lin, W. C. Lai, J. M.Tsai, G. C. Chi, R. K. Wu, White light emission from near UV InGaN/GaN LED chip precoated with blue/green/red phosphors, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15, 18 (2003).
[3] 陳皇宇，微波輔助燒結製備應用於白光 LED 之紅光及綠光螢光粉，博士論文，國立成功大學，2013。
[4] Fred Schubert, Light-Emitting Diodes, The press syndicate of the university of Cambridge, UK, 2003.
[5] Skoog, Holler, Nieman, Principles of Instrumental analysis, fifth edition, Saunders college Publishing, 1992.
[6] 楊茹媛、彭昱銘、蘇炎坤，白光LED用之螢光粉材料之基本原理與技術發展，電子月刊，197期，第140-157頁，2011。
[7] 陳建良，不同活化劑摻雜對 KSrPO4 主體晶格之微結構與光學性質之研究，碩士論文，國立屏東科技大學，2013
[8] Y. Chen, J. Wang, X. Zhang, G. Zhang, M. Gong, Q. Su, An intense green emitting LiSrPO4: Eu2+, Tb3+ for phosphor-converted LED, Sens. Actuators, B 148, 259 (2010).
[9] E. Radkov, R. Bompiedi, A. M. Srivastava, A. A. Setlur, C. Becker, White light with UV LEDs, Proc. SPIE 2004 5187, 171 (2004).
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[11] S. Kubota, H. Hara, H. Yamane, M. Shimada, Luminescent property of Eu3+ in a new compound, (Sr0.99La1.01)Zn0.99O3.495, J. Electrochem. Soc. 149, H68 (2002).
[12] S. Kubota, R. L. Stanger, Y. Suzuyama, H. Yamane, M. Shimada, Luminescent properties of Eu3+ in defect apatite, Sr3La6(SiO4)6, J. Electrochem. Soc. 149, H134 (2002).
[13] K. Tadatomo, H. Okagawa, Y. Ohuchi, Tsunekawa, T. Jyouichi, Y. Imada, M. Kato, H. Kudo, T. Taguchi, High output power InGaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes fabricated on patterned substrates using metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy, Phys. Status Solidi A 188, 121 (2001).
[14] K. Srinivasu, R. S. Ningthoujam, V. Sudarsan, R. K. Vatsa, A. K. Tyagi, P. Srinivasu, A. Vinu, Eu3+ and Dy3+ doped YPO4 nanoparticles: Low temperature synthesis and luminescence studies, J. Nanoscience Nanotechnology 9, 3034 (2009).
[15] Z. Yang, G. Yang, S. Wang, J. Tian, X. Li, Q. Guo, G. Fu, A novel green-emitting phosphor NaCaPO4:Eu2+ for white LEDs, Mater. Lett. 62, 1884 (2008).
[16] C. C. Lin, R. S. Liu, Y. S. Tang, S. F. Hu, Full-Color and thermally stable KSrPO4:Ln, Ln= Eu, Tb, Sm phosphors for white- light-emitting diodes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, J248 (2008).
[17] Y. J. Park, Y. J. Kim, Blue emission properties of Eu-doped CaAl2O4 phosphors synthesized by a flux method, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 146, 84 (2008).
[18] W. Yuhu, W. Zhilong, Characterization of Y2O2S: Eu3+, Mg2+, Ti4+ Long-lasting phosphor synthesized by flux method, J. Rare Earths 24, 25 (2006).
[19] S. Zhang, W. Zhuang, C. Zhao, Influence of flux on properties of Y3Al5O12: Ce phosphor, J. Chin. Rare Earth Soc. 20, 605 (2002).
[20] L. Ma, J. Hu, G. Wan, Effect of flux on YAG: Ce phosphors prepared by solid-state reactions, Chin. J. Lumin. 27, 348 (2006).
[21] A. Nag, T. R. N. Kutty, Role of B2O3 on the phase stability and long phosphorescence of SrAl2O4 : Eu, Dy, J. Alloys Compd. 354, 221 (2003).
[22] Y. K. Su, Y. M. Peng, R. Y. Yang, J. L. Chen, Effects of NaCl flux on microstructure and luminescent characteristics of KSrPO4:Eu2+ phosphors, opt. mater. 34, 1598 (2012).
[23] Y. M. Peng, Y. K. Su, R. Y. Yang, The charge transfer transition phenomenon and microstructure of Eu3+-doped NaCaPO4 phosphors sintered with flux via solid-state reaction, Mater. Res. Bull. 48, 1946 (2013).
[24] R. Y. Yang, Y. M. Peng, Y. K. Su, Novel red emitting microwave-assisted sintered LiSrPO4: Eu3+ phosphors for application in near-UV WLEDs, IEEE J. Electronic Mater. 42, 2910 (2013).
[25] R. Y. Yang, Y. M. Peng, H. L. Lai C. J. Chu, B. Chiou, Y. K. Su, Effect of the different concentrations of Eu3+ ions on the microstructure and photoluminescent properties of Zn2SiO4:xEu3+ phosphors and synthesized with TEOS solution as silicate source, Opt. Mater. 35, 1719 (2013).
[26] Y. M. Peng, Y. K. Su, R. Y. Yang, Improving Thermal Stability of KSrPO4:Tb3+ phosphors Prepared by microwave assisted sintering, Opt. Mater. 35, 2102 (2013).
[27] A. K. Gulnar, V. Sudarsan, R. K. Vatsa, C. Hubli, U. K. Gautam, A. Vinu, A. K. Tyagi, CePO4:Ln (Ln) Tb3+ and Dy3+) nanoleaves incorporated in silica sols, Crystal Growth & Design 9, 2451 (2009).
[28] K. Gulnar, V. Sudarsan, R. K. Vatsa, T. Sakuntala, A. K. Tyagi, U. K. Gautam, A. Vinu, Nucleation sequence on the cation exchange process between Y0.95Eu0.05PO4 and CePO4 nanorods, Nanoscale 2, 2847 (2010).
[29] 賴炫霖，以固態反應法製備LiBaPO4:Re3+ (Re3+: Pr3+, Ce3+)螢光粉之微結構與發光特性之研究，碩士論文，國立屏東科技大學，2013。
[30] 彭昱銘，應用於白光發光二極體之磷酸系 ABPO4 (A= Li, Na, K; B= Ca, Sr, Ba)下轉換螢光材料之研究，博士論文，國立成功大學，2013。
[31] 陳坤賢，應用於白光發光二極體之磷酸系NaSrPO4: Re (Re= Tb3+, Sm3+, Tb3+ / Ce3+)螢光材料之研究，博士論文，國立中山大學，2016。
[32] H. L. Lai, M. H. Weng, R. Y. Yang, S. J. Chang, Enhanced Photoluminescent Properties and Crystalline Morphology of LiBaPO4: Tm3+ Phosphor through Microwave Sintering Method, Materials 9.5, 356 (2016).
[33] H. L. Lai, R. Y. Yang, S. J. Chang, Thermally Stable Luminescence Properties and Energy Transfer of Green-emitting LiBaPO4: Tb3+, Ce3+ Phosphor, Ceram. Int. 43.1, S688 (2017).
[34] R. Y. Yang, Y. M. Peng, H. L. Lai, Y. K. Su S. J. Chang, The optimum sintering condition for KSrPO4: Eu3+ phosphors applied in WLEDs, Ceram. Int. 43.1, S682 (2017).

Chapter 2
[1] Skoog, Holler, N ieman, Principles of Instrumental analysis, fifth edition, Saunders college Publishing, 1992.
[2] 陳皇宇，微波輔助燒結製備應用於白光 LED 之紅光及綠光螢光粉，博士論文，國立成功大學，2013。
[3] M. N. Rahaman, Sintering technology, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1990.
[4] 楊茹媛、彭昱銘、蘇炎坤，白光 LED 用之螢光粉材料之基本原理與技術發展，電子月刊，197 期，第 140-157 頁，2011。
[5] 彭昱銘，應用於白光發光二極體之磷酸系ABPO4 (A= Li, Na, K; B= Ca, Sr, Ba)下轉換螢光材料之研究，博士論文，國立成功大學，2013。
[6] J. A. DeLuca, An introduction to luminescence in inorganic solids, J. Chem. Educ. 57, 541 (1980).
[7] Y. M. Peng, Y. K. Su, R. Y. Yang, Improving Thermal Stability of KSrPO4:Tb3+ phosphors Prepared by microwave assisted sintering, Opt. Mater. 35, 2102 (2013).
[8] 陳坤賢，應用於白光發光二極體之磷酸系NaSrPO4: Re (Re= Tb3+, Sm3+, Tb3+ / Ce3+)螢光材料之研究，博士論文，國立中山大學，2016。
[9] H. L. Lai, M. H. Weng, R. Y. Yang, S. J. Chang, Enhanced Photoluminescent Properties and Crystalline Morphology of LiBaPO4: Tm3+ Phosphor through Microwave Sintering Method, Materials 9.5, 356 (2016).

Chapter 3
[1] H. L. Lai, R. Y. Yang, M. H. Weng, S. J. Chang, Novel blue-emitting LiBaPO4: Tm3+ phosphor for solid-state lighting The 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Natural Science 342 (2015).
[2] P. D. Ramash, D. Brandom, L. Schachter, Use of Partially Oxidized SiC Particle Bed for Microwave Sintering of Low Loss Ceramics, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 266, 211 (1999).
[3] M. H. Weng, R. Y. Yang, Y. M. Peng, J. L. Chen, Yellowish green-emitting KSrPO4: Tb3+ phosphors with various doping concentrations prepared by using microwave assisted sintering, Ceram. Int. 38, 1319 (2012).
[4] H. L. Lai, M. H. Weng, R. Y. Yang, S. J. Chang, Enhanced Photoluminescent Properties and Crystalline Morphology of LiBaPO4: Tm3+ Phosphor through Microwave Sintering Method, Materials 9.5, 356 (2016).
[5] R. Y. Yang, H. L. Lai, Y. M. Peng, S. J. Chang, Energy transfer mechanisms in green emitting LiBaPO4: Tb3+ phosphors, International Conference on Optical Particle Characterization 92320Z (2014).
[6] H. L. Lai, R. Y. Yang, S. J. Chang, Thermally Stable Luminescence Properties and Energy Transfer of Green-emitting LiBaPO4: Tb3+, Ce3+ Phosphor, Ceram. Int. 43.1, S688 (2017).
[7] 陳皇宇，微波輔助燒結製備應用於白光 LED 之紅光及綠光螢光粉，博士論文，國立成功大學，2013。
[8] 彭昱銘，應用於白光發光二極體之磷酸系 ABPO4 (A= Li, Na, K; B= Ca, Sr, Ba)下轉換螢光材料之研究，博士論文，國立成功大學，2013。
[9] 陳坤賢，應用於白光發光二極體之磷酸系NaSrPO4: Re (Re= Tb3+, Sm3+, Tb3+ / Ce3+)螢光材料之研究，博士論文，國立中山大學，2016。

Chapter 4
[1] H. L. Lai, R. Y. Yang, M. H. Weng, S. J. Chang, Novel blue-emitting LiBaPO4: Tm3+ phosphor for solid-state lighting The 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Natural Science 342 (2015).
[2] Y. Z. Li, Y. H. Wang, Z. F. Wang, Z. Y. Zhang, UV–VUV-excited photoluminescence of Tm3+ substituted β-rhenanite as a blue-emitting phosphor, J. Lumin. 130, 1225 (2010).
[3] J. Sun, X. Zhang, Z. Xia, H. Du, Luminescent properties of LiBaPO4: RE (RE = Eu2+, Tb3+, Sm3+) phosphors for white light-emitting diodes, J. appl. Physics 111, 013101 (2012).
[4] L. G. Van Uitert, Characterization of energy transfer interactions between rare earth ions, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114, 1048 (1967).
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