近年來隨著物聯網技術的發達，數位孿生成為全球十大科技趨勢之一，促使世界各國積極以發展數位孿生與智慧城市為城市數位發展與循證治理之方針。三維地理資訊之發展被視為是城市數位孿生推動之重要基礎，利用增加垂直維度之考量，發展更為擬真之模擬、展示與應用，並在有效利用地理資訊整合、分析與展示空間資料與屬性資料之特性後，提升跨域應用之互操作性，符合數位孿生之多來源、多尺度、多物理之概念。然而在結合大量時空資料時，缺乏一致性規範與標準卻也因各領域資料欠缺規格之共識而大幅增加資料管理、流通、應用之難度，降低數位孿生跨領域協作之成效。三維建物資料為跨域之高度共同應用資料，但目前在實務上仍以視覺展示為主，主因為缺乏納入多來源測繪技術考量之多尺度建物圖徵資料規格，因此無法發展有效關聯及提升互操作性之運作機制。目前國際上以城市地理標記語言（City Geographic Markup Language，簡稱CityGML）所規範之LOD（Level of Detail）為尺度分級之依據，同一描述對象可基於多重表示(Multiple representation)之概念而具有不同之幾何表示，但目前LOD之規範過於彈性，缺乏可共識推行之建物空間單元規格與架構，數位孿生應用環境將面對大量基於不同觀點而建立之三維圖資，還須考量後續相互關聯與整合之課題。
基於建物資料為數位孿生之重要基礎資料，且廣為各領域所引用或加值推廣，本研究聚焦於多等級之觀點，結合語意及測量技術，探討具有共識之三維建物規格與架構，以形成數位孿生應用環境之共同基礎資料。本研究首先基於文獻回顧，釐清數位孿生應用之需求，由資料面評估可因應跨尺度與多來源特性之標準化描述架構，藉由分析單一空間單元之共同特性與基本定義，結合多尺度概念與六項尺度設計因子，建立多尺度空間單元之核心架構。基於結合國內跨域需求之目標，本研究以建築領域常用之詞彙、法規為切入點，將其內容規定納入模式化之設計策略，規劃涵蓋尺度、語意及識別性考量之物件化描述架構，基礎於CityGML核心架構與LOD規格，將法規特性與規定融入於屬性設計中，並延伸探討不同尺度三維建物規格之設計，利用描述架構擴充模組(Application Domain Extension，簡稱 ADE)針對國內特定之語意空間單元彈性擴充，使整體多尺度空間單元更符合國內之應用需求。此外，本研究也將多來源建物資料與測繪技術納入規格設計考量，有效整合既有之異質性資料，提出兼具多尺度與多來源資料之明確三維建物規格。最終基礎於多尺度三維建物架構，探討各尺度建物於應用面之適用場合與限制，以強化國家基礎圖資跨域應用之成效。基於本研究所提出之多尺度建物空間單元規格為符合我國現行法規與測量技術之具體成果，在語意上可達到跨域溝通與共享之目標，並有助於建物管理業務之推動，標準化之成果可提供數位孿生基礎資料應用環境之發展，為多來源及多尺度建物資料整合與流通之橋梁，確保跨域使用者在數位孿生環境中更容易獲得與應用跨單位之資料，以奠定數位孿生加值應用發展之基礎。

In recent years, the rapid advance of Internet of Things technology has driven countries worldwide to embrace digital twins and smart cities as essential principles for urban digital revolution. Among the key elements facilitating urban digital twins is 3D geographic information, which plays a pivotal role in their promotion. To enhance cross-domain application interoperability, vertical dimensions are increased, and geographic information is effectively integrated, analyzed, and displayed. This approach aligns more consistently with the principles of multi-source, multi-scale, and multi-physics digital twins. However, the integration of a vast amount of spatiotemporal data faces challenges due to the lack of consensus agreement on data specifications across related domains. As a result, data management and exchange become considerably more difficult, which tremendously reduce the effectiveness of cross-domain collaboration for digital twins. Although 3D building data is widely used, its applications are often restricted to visualization. The absence of comprehensive building data specifications, which incorporate considerations of multiple surveying and mapping technologies, hampers correct integration and the interoperability operation mechanism.
To tackle these challenges, this research focuses on designing the primitive set of space units with semantics for buildings by thoroughly examining building laws and specifications in Taiwan. The research extensively analyzes the semantics, attributes, feature complexity, dimensionality, texture, and relationships of each space unit with other types of space units. This research integrates the CityGML core module and LOD specification into the building framework based on the semantic space units of building laws and regulations. Furthermore, the framework ensures flexibility beyond the core module by developing Application Domain Extension (ADE). Formal definitions of the 3D geometric representation, including LODs and thematic properties, are revised based on surveying techniques and different source data. The integrated common geospatial reference framework not only facilitates the visualization of 3D buildings, but also enables effective management and selection of building information in compliance with government legal requirements and chosen applications. By proposing a reliable and consistent reference for digital twin development, this research significantly enhances data interconnection between multi-source and supports the development of 3D analysis and applications. After considering various aspects of meaningful space unit descriptions for buildings and developing an enabling mechanism for 3D application development, the framework ensures seamless and interoperable integration and flexible expansion of GIS-based digital twins.

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