Background: The slow progress of Kangaroo Care (KC) implementation in Indonesia, despite its potential to reduce neonatal mortality, warrants a comprehensive assessment of current practice and the factors affecting sustainability.
Purpose: To develop a sustainable KC promotion program through three stages of action research: assessment of current practice, implementation of change, and evaluation of the change process.
Methods: This action research involved four hospitals in Central Java and included hospital managers and healthcare providers. Stage 1 used quantitative and qualitative methods to assess KC knowledge, perceptions, barriers, practice, resources, and implementation status. Stage 2 implemented an in-hospital KC training program. Stage 3 evaluated the implementation through quantitative follow-up and qualitative reflection.
Results: In Stage 1, The four hospitals were at different levels of implementation: two were creating awareness, one was adopting the concept, and one had reached the ownership stage. In Stage 2, KC practice varied significantly over time (χ² = 374.038, df = 11, p < .001), and the treatment groups differed in overall practice levels (χ² = 32.735, df = 1, p < .001). Stage 3 findings showed that training improved knowledge, confidence, and interprofessional alignment, but sustainable practice also required standardized protocols, repeated training, effective coordination, adequate infrastructure, management support, and stronger family involvement, particularly from fathers.
Conclusion: KC training is a meaningful component of implementation, but training alone is insufficient. Sustainable KC practice requires coordinated interventiopns at the provider, family, organizational, and policy levels.

Abuhammad, S., Karimeh, R., & Mahadeen, A. (2024). The impact of an educational intervention on neonatal intensive care unit nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of parental participation in Kangaroo Care. PLOS ONE, 19(8), Article e0306888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306888
Acharya, N., Singh, R. R., Bhatta, N. K., & Poudel, P. (2014). Randomized control trial of Kangaroo Care in low birth weight babies at a tertiary level hospital. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 34(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i1.8960
Adisasmita, A., Izati, Y., Choirunisa, S., Pratomo, H., & Adriyanti, L. (2021). Kangaroo mother care knowledge, attitude, and practice among nursing staff in a hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. PLOS ONE, 16(6), Article e0252704. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252704
Al-Shehri, H., & Binmanee, A. (2021). Kangaroo mother care practice, knowledge, and perception among NICU nurses in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 8(1), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.11.003
Almutairi, A., Gavine, A., & McFadden, A. (2024). Parents’ and healthcare providers’ perceptions, experiences, knowledge of, and attitudes toward kangaroo care of preterm babies in hospital settings: A mixed-methods systematic review. Birth, 51(4), 690-707. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12859
Amorim, M., Alves, E., Kelly-Irving, M., Ribeiro, A. I., & Silva, S. (2018). Quality of life of parents of very preterm infants 4 months after birth: A mixed methods study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), Article 178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-1011-y
Anderson, G. C., Marks, E. A., & Wahlberg, V. (1986). Kangaroo care for premature infants. American Journal of Nursing, 86(7), 807-809.
Artese, C., Stark, A. R., & Grimes, C. (2021). A knowledge, attitude, and practice study on kangaroo care among neonatal nurses. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 57, e68-e73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.10.028
Ayed, A., Aqtam, I., Abusaif, R., Abu Tabeekh, R., Zaidan, D. A., & Abu Alhaijaa, M. (2025). Knowledge regarding kangaroo mother care among nurses in neonatal intensive care units. SAGE Open Nursing, 11, Article 23779608251337320. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608251337320
Badr, H. A., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2017). Kangaroo care and postpartum depression: The role of oxytocin. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 4(2), 179-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2017.01.001
Baird, D., & Bybel, M. (2018). Effectiveness of skin-to-skin care for procedure-related pain in newborns. American Family Physician, 97(3), 170-171.
Bergh, A. M., de Graft-Johnson, J., Khadka, N., Om’Iniabohs, A., Udani, R., Pratomo, H., & de Leon-Mendoza, S. (2016). The three waves in implementation of facility-based kangaroo mother care: A multi-country case study from Asia. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 16, Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-016-0080-4
Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Bahl, R., Lawn, J. E., Salam, R. A., Paul, V. K., Sankar, M. J., Blencowe, H., Rizvi, A., Chou, V. B., & Walker, N. (2014). Can available interventions end preventable deaths in mothers, newborn babies, and stillbirths, and at what cost? The Lancet, 384(9940), 347-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60792-3
Boundy, E. O., Perrine, C. G., Barrera, C. M., & Hamner, H. C. (2023). Kangaroo mother care and neonatal outcomes: Current evidence and implications for implementation. Journal of Perinatology, 43, 123–132.
Bramson, L., Lee, J. W., Moore, E., Montgomery, S., Neish, C., Bahjri, K., & Melcher, C. L. (2010). Effect of early skin-to-skin mother-infant contact during the first 3 hours following birth on exclusive breastfeeding during the maternity hospital stay. Journal of Human Lactation, 26(2), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334409355779
Cai, Q., Chen, D., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Yang, R., Xu, W., Zhao, J., Jiang, Y., & Xu, X. (2022). What influences the implementation of kangaroo mother care? An umbrella review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22, Article 851. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05163-3
Cai, Q., Liu, S., Meng, S., Liu, J., Fu, J., Yang, R., Liu, J., Hu, Y., Feng, X., & Xu, X. (2024). Contextualizing kangaroo mother care: A qualitative study of healthcare providers’ perceptions and experiences in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, Article 1419828. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1419828
Chan, G. J., Labar, A. S., Wall, S., & Atun, R. (2017). Kangaroo mother care: A systematic review of barriers and enablers. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94(2), 130-141J. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.157818
Charpak, N., Figueroa, Z., & Ruiz, J. G. (1994). Kangaroo mother program: A practical guide. World Laboratory.
Charpak, N., Ruiz-Peláez, J. G., Figueroa de Calume, Z., & Charpak, Y. (2001). A randomized, controlled trial of kangaroo mother care: Results of follow-up at 1 year of corrected age. Pediatrics, 108(5), 1072-1079. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.5.1072
Cochrane Neonatal Group. (2023). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002771.pub6
Cordeiro, L., & Soares, C. B. (2018). Action research in the healthcare field: A scoping review. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 16(4), 1003-1047. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003200
Damschroder, L. J., Aron, D. C., Keith, R. E., Kirsh, S. R., Alexander, J. A., & Lowery, J. C. (2009). Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implementation Science, 4, Article 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-50
Doyle, L., Kennedy, K., Duffy, A., & O’Donovan, M. (2013). Mothers’ experiences of kangaroo mother care in a neonatal unit. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 19(6), 259-267.
Ismail, A. A., Alshomrani, S. A., & Salaghor, S. M. (2025). Knowledge, practice, and barriers to kangaroo mother care as perceived by neonatal intensive care unit nurses in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 31(1), 146-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2024.07.016
Jamali, Q. Z., Shah, R., Shahid, F., Fatima, A., Khalsa, S., Spacek, J., & Goldenberg, R. L. (2019). Barriers and enablers for practicing kangaroo mother care (KMC) in rural Sindh, Pakistan. PLOS ONE, 14(6), Article e0213225. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213225
Jones, P. S., Lee, J. W., Phillips, L. R., Zhang, X. E., & Jaceldo, K. B. (2001). An adaptation of Brislin’s translation model for cross-cultural research. Nursing Research, 50(5), 300-304.
Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (2005). Participatory action research: Communicative action and the public sphere. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 559–603). SAGE Publications.
Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The action research planner: Doing critical participatory action research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-67-2
Kinshella, M. L. W., Hiwa, T., Pickerill, K., Vidler, M., Dube, Q., Goldfarb, D. M., Kawaza, K., & Group, P. S. (2021). Barriers and facilitators of facility-based kangaroo mother care in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21, Article 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03646-3
Kourouma, K., Agbré-Yacé, M. L., Doukouré, D., Cissé, L., Some-Méazieu, C., Ouattara, J., Ouattara, A., Traoré, M., & Kouakou, V. (2021). Barriers and facilitators to kangaroo mother care implementation in Côte d’Ivoire: A qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research, 21, Article 1211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07086-9
Kow, S., Groot, J., Puthenparampil, J., Faruqi, J., Naqvi, F., Ali, I., Verma, A., & Naqvi, M. (2019). The impact of "Mom/Dad of the Day" cards, newborn heart auscultation, and father skin-to-skin care on parent-newborn bonding. Clinical Pediatrics, 58(3), 349-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922818817312
Kresnawati, W., Froulina, L., Syahrizal, B. M., Sinaga, N. B., Manuama, E. O., Rohsiswatmo, R., & Wandita, S. (2025). Quality improvement on reducing neonatal mortality through intensive clinical mentorship intervention: A case study in Biak Regional Hospital, Papua-Indonesia. BMJ Open Quality, 14(1), Article e002862. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2024-002862
Kumar, J. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 on maternal and neonatal services. The Lancet Global Health, 9(2), e114-e115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30477-0
Laksono, A. D., & Wulandari, R. D. (2022). The barrier to maternity care in rural Indonesia. Journal of Public Health, 30(1), 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01274-3
Lorenz, L., Dawson, J., Jones, H., Cheong, J., Jacobs, S. E., Donath, S. M., Davis, P. G., & Kamlin, C. O. F. (2017). Skin-to-skin care in preterm infants receiving respiratory support does not lead to physiological instability [Conference abstract]. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 53, 58. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13494_168
Lorenz, L., Kamlin, O., Dawson, J., Jacobs, S., Cheong, J., Donath, S., & Davis, P. (2016). Skin-to-skin care compared to incubator care has a similar effect on cerebral oxygenation in very preterm infants receiving respiratory support [Conference abstract]. European Journal of Pediatrics, 175(11), 1590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-016-2785-8
Lowson, K., Offer, C., Watson, J., McGuire, B., & Renfrew, M. J. (2015). The economic benefits of increasing kangaroo skin-to-skin care and breastfeeding in neonatal units: Analysis of a pragmatic intervention in clinical practice. International Breastfeeding Journal, 10, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-015-0035-8
Ludington-Hoe, S. M., Anderson, G. C., Swinth, J. Y., Thompson, C., & Hadeed, A. J. (2004). Randomized controlled trial of kangaroo care: Cardiorespiratory and thermal effects on healthy preterm infants. Neonatal Network, 23(3), 39-48.
Ludington-Hoe, S. M., Lewis, T., Morgan, K., Cong, X., Anderson, L., & Reese, S. (2006). Breast and infant temperatures with twins during shared kangaroo care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 35(2), 223-231.
Lunze, K., & Hamer, D. H. (2012). Thermal protection of the newborn in resource-limited environments. Journal of Perinatology, 32(5), 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2012.11
Maher, L., Gustafson, D., & Evans, A. (2010). NHS sustainability model and guide. NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement.
Mandeng MNE, Ndjabo MA, Bilo'o LL, Kalla GCM, Omolomo EK, Sap SNU. Evaluation of Kangaroo mother care implementation after the DIB project in three health facilities in the central region of Cameroon. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2026 Jul 11. doi: 10.1186/s12884-026-09510-6. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42436409.
Marulli, A., Kamlin, C. O. F., Dawson, J. A., Donath, S. M., Davis, P. G., & Lorenz, L. (2018). The effect of skin-to-skin care on cerebral oxygenation during nasogastric feeding of preterm infants. Acta Paediatrica, 107(3), 430-435. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14158
Marvin, M. M., Gardner, F. C., Sarsfield, K. M., Travagli, R. A., & Doheny, K. K. (2019). Increased frequency of skin-to-skin contact is associated with enhanced vagal tone and improved health outcomes in preterm neonates. American Journal of Perinatology, 36(5), 505-510. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1669946
McCain, G. C., Ludington-Hoe, S. M., Swinth, J. Y., & Hadeed, A. J. (2005). Heart rate variability responses of a preterm infant to kangaroo care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 34(6), 689-694. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884217505281857
Menezes, M. A. S., Garcia, D. C., de Melo, E. V., & Cipolotti, R. (2014). Preterm newborns at kangaroo mother care: A cohort follow-up from birth to six months. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 32(2), 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-0582201432213113
Minckas, N., Medvedev, M. M., Adejuyigbe, E. A., Brotherton, H., Chellani, H., Estifanos, A. S., Ezeaka, C., Gobezayehu, A. G., Irimu, G., Kawaza, K., Kumar, V., Massawe, A., Mazumder, S., Mambule, I., Medhanyie, A. A., Molyneux, E. M., Newton, S., Salim, N., Tadele, H., ... Lawn, J. E. (2021). Preterm care during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative risk analysis of neonatal deaths averted by kangaroo mother care versus mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. EClinicalMedicine, 33, Article 100733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100733
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. (2009). Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 203/Menkes/SK/III/2009 tentang pembentukan Kelompok Kerja Nasional Perawatan Metode Kanguru. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia.
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. (2018). Laporan nasional Riskesdas 2018. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Upaya pencegahan bayi lahir prematur. https://kemkes.go.id/eng/upaya-pencegahan-bayi-lahir-prematur
Mitchell, A. J., Yates, C., Williams, K., & Hall, R. W. (2013). Effects of daily kangaroo care on cardiorespiratory parameters in preterm infants. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 6(3), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-1370513
Mohammed El-Nagger, N. S., Abed El-Azim, H., & Mahmoud Zaki Hassan, S. (2013). Effect of kangaroo mother care on premature infants’ physiological, behavioral and psychosocial outcomes in Ain Shams Maternity and Gynecological Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Life Science Journal, 10(1), 703-716.
Mojaveri, M. H., Rad, Z. A., Shafipour, Z., Rokni, S. A., & Valizadeh, F. (2018). Duration of kangaroo mother care and weight gain in very low birth weight preterm infant. Tehran University Medical Journal, 75(11), 833-838.
Mose, A., Adane, D., & Abebe, H. (2021). Skin-to-skin care practice and its associated factors among postpartum mothers in Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 12, 289-297. https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT.S306411
Mu, P. F., Lee, M. Y., Chen, Y. C., Yang, H. C., & Yang, S. H. (2019). Experiences of parents providing kangaroo care to a premature infant: A qualitative systematic review. Nursing & Health Sciences, 22(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12631
Muliyati, H., Damanik, R., & Roosita, K. (2019). The association of kangaroo mother care on breastmilk consumption of low birth weight baby [Conference abstract]. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 75(3), 332. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501751
Murray, P. D., & Swanson, J. R. (2020). Visitation restrictions: Is it right and how do we support families in the NICU during COVID-19? Journal of Perinatology, 40(10), 1576-1581. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-00781-1
Nimbalkar, A. S., Patel, D. V., Nimbalkar, S. M., Patel, V. K., Patel, D. N., & Phatak, A. G. (2016). Infant and young child feeding practices in infants receiving skin-to-skin care at birth: Follow-up of randomized cohort. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 10(12), SC09-SC12. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/22930.9003
Nimbalkar, S. M., Tandon, R., & Chaudhary, N. S. (2012). Reduced duration of CPAP in preterm babies receiving kangaroo care within an hour of birth: Randomized trial [Conference abstract]. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 97, A512. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-302724.1809
Nobre, R. G., Azevedo, D. V., Almeida, P. C., Almeida, N. M. G. S., & Feitosa, F. E. L. (2017). Weight-gain velocity in newborn infants managed with the kangaroo method and associated variables. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21(1), 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2101-2
O’Brien, K., Robson, K., Bracht, M., Cruz, M., Lui, K., & Lee, S. K. (2022). Effectiveness of family integrated care in neonatal intensive care units on infant and parent outcomes: Updated evidence from neonatal care models. BMC Pediatrics, 22, 1–12.
Okoro, J., & Ezeogu, J. (2024). Assessment of neonatal mortality amongst sick neonates in the special care baby unit of a tertiary institution in Orlu, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 22(7), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajmah/2024/v22i71046
Pados, B. F. (2019). Physiology of stress and use of skin-to-skin care as a stress-reducing intervention in the NICU. Nursing for Women’s Health, 23(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2018.11.002
Parry Okeden, S. L., & Ugonna, K. (2019). Close-contact care for unwell babies [Conference abstract]. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 104, A175. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-rcpch.416
Parsa, P., Karimi, S., Basiri, B., & Roshanaei, G. (2018). The effect of kangaroo mother care on physiological parameters of premature infants in Hamadan City, Iran. Pan African Medical Journal, 30, Article 89. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.30.89.14428
PERINASIA. (2008). Buletin PERINASIA Tahun XV Nomor 2, Edisi April-Juni 2008: Perawatan Metode Kanguru (PMK) di rumah sakit. PERINASIA.
Pimenta, H. P., Silva, A. M., & Rocha, M. L. (2021). Kangaroo care in neonatal intensive care: Effects on physiological stability and parental involvement among preterm infants. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9, Article 689.
Potgieter, K. L., & Adams, F. (2019). The influence of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact on bonding and touch. South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49(2), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.17159/2310-3833/2019/vol49n2a3
Pratomo, H., Amelia, T., Nurlin, F., & Adisasmita, A. C. (2020). Knowledge and perceptions of kangaroo mother care among health providers: A qualitative study. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 63(11), 433-437. https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2018.06506
Rahmatika, Q., Aditya, R. S., Yusuf, A., AlMutairi, R., Razeeni, D. M., Kotijah, S., & Sulistyorini, A. (2022). We are facing some barriers: A qualitative study on the implementation of kangaroo mother care from the perspectives of healthcare providers. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 13(2), Article 2412. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2022.2412
Rammohan, A., Goli, S., & Chu, H. (2024). Continuum of care in maternal and child health in Indonesia. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 25, Article e9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423624000094
Rangey, P. B., & Sheth, M. S. (2014). Comparative effect of massage therapy versus kangaroo mother care on physiological responses, chest expansion and body weight in low birthweight preterm infants. Disability, CBR and Inclusive Development, 25(3), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.5463/DCID.v25i3.290
Rasouli Larma’i, N., Ahmadpour-Kacho, M., Zahed Pasha, Y., Hajiahmadi, M., & Mazloomi, A. (2016). The effect of kangaroo mother care on the duration of phototherapy in term infants with hyperbilirubinemia. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences, 18(6), 15-20.
Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2008). The SAGE handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Ropars, S., Tessier, R., Charpak, N., & Uriza, L. F. (2018). The long-term effects of the kangaroo mother care intervention on cognitive functioning: Results from a longitudinal study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 43(1), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2017.1422507
Rumiati, F., & Adisasmita, A. C. (2021). Determinants of neonatal mortality based on the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 16(3), 363-374. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v16i3.2021.363-374
Scher, M. S., Ludington-Hoe, S., Kaffashi, F., Johnson, M. W., Holditch-Davis, D., & Loparo, K. A. (2009). Neurophysiologic assessment of brain maturation after an 8-week trial of skin-to-skin contact on preterm infants. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(10), 1812-1818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.004
Seidman, G., Unnikrishnan, S., Kenny, E., Myslinski, S., Cairns-Smith, S., Mulligan, B., & Engmann, C. (2015). Barriers and enablers of kangaroo mother care practice: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 10(5), Article e0125643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125643
Sharma, D., Murki, S., & Oleti, T. P. (2017). To compare growth outcomes and cost-effectiveness of kangaroo ward care with intermediate intensive care in stable extremely low birth weight infants: Randomized control trial. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 30(14), 1659-1665. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1220531
Shi, Z., Li, X., Hu, Y., Yang, R., Zeng, Z., & Hou, S. (2026). Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of kangaroo mother care in NICUs of high-income and low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, Article 1701738. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1701738
Shorey, S., & He, H. G. (2021). More than paternal involvement: A concept analysis of paternal caregiving in infancy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(2), 561-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14617
Shorey, S., He, H. G., & Morelius, E. (2016). Skin-to-skin contact by fathers and the impact on infant and paternal outcomes: An integrative review. Midwifery, 40, 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.007
Singh, K., Khan, S. M., Carvajal-Aguirre, L., Brodish, P., Amouzou, A., & Moran, A. (2017). The importance of skin-to-skin contact for early initiation of breastfeeding in Nigeria and Bangladesh. Journal of Global Health, 7(2), Article 020505. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.07.020505
Sivanandan, S., & Sankar, M. J. (2023). Kangaroo mother care for preterm or low birth weight infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Global Health, 8(6), Article e010728. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010728
Smith, E. R., Bergelson, I., Constantian, S., Valsangkar, B., & Chan, G. J. (2017). Barriers and enablers of health system adoption of kangaroo mother care: A systematic review of caregiver perspectives. BMC Pediatrics, 17, Article 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0769-5
Statistics Indonesia. (2020). Population census 2020. Statistics Indonesia.
Stuebe, A. (2020). Should infants be separated from mothers with COVID-19? First, do no harm. Breastfeeding Medicine, 15(5), 351-352. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2020.29153.ams
Subedi, K., Aryal, D. R., & Gurubacharya, S. M. (2009). Kangaroo mother care for low birth weight babies: A prospective observational study. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 29(1), 6-9. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v29i1.1593
Suitor, R. (2023). Barriers to the implementation of kangaroo mother care in neonatal intensive care units. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 29(6), 866-872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2022.07.003
Swarnkar, K., & Vagha, J. (2016). Effect of kangaroo mother care on growth and morbidity pattern in low birth weight infants. Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University, 5(1), 91-99.
Takubo, Y., Nemoto, T., Obata, Y., Baba, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Katagiri, N., Tsujino, N., Kitamura, T., & Mizuno, M. (2019). Effectiveness of kangaroo care for a patient with postpartum depression and comorbid mother-infant bonding disorder. Case Reports in Psychiatry, 2019, Article 9157214. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9157214
Thukral, A., Sankar, M. J., Agarwal, R., Gupta, N., Deorari, A. K., & Paul, V. K. (2012). Early skin-to-skin contact and breast-feeding behavior in term neonates: A randomized controlled trial. Neonatology, 102(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1159/000337839
Tumukunde, V. S., Babughirana, G., Tumuhimbise, W., & Namiiro, F. (2024). Barriers and facilitators of implementing kangaroo mother care before clinical stabilization among neonates in eastern Uganda. PLOS Global Public Health, 4(8), Article e0002856. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002856
UNICEF Indonesia. (2023). Management of nutritionally at-risk mothers and infants under six months in Indonesia. UNICEF.
UNICEF. (2016). The state of the world’s children 2016: A fair chance for every child. UNICEF.
Utami, S., & Huang, M. C. (2019). Health care providers’ perception, knowledge, barriers and practice of kangaroo care for preterm baby in Indonesia. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 25(4), 205-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2019.03.003
Valizadeh, S., Hosseini, M., Jafarabadi, M. A., Mirnia, K., Saeidi, F., & Jabraeeli, M. (2017). Comparison of two methods of light reduction on preterm infants’ sleep pattern in NICU: A randomized controlled trial. Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, 4(4), 211-216.
Vesel, L., Bergh, A. M., Kerber, K. J., Valsangkar, B., Mazia, G., Moxon, S. G., Blencowe, H., Darmstadt, G. L., de Graft Johnson, J., Dickson, K. E., Ruiz Peláez, J. G., von Xylander, S. R., & Lawn, J. E. (2015). Kangaroo mother care: A multi-country analysis of health system bottlenecks and potential solutions. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(Suppl 2), Article S5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-15-S2-S5
Vittner, D., McGrath, J., Robinson, J., Lawhon, G., Cusson, R., Eisenfeld, L., Walsh, S., Young, E., & Cong, X. (2018). Increase in oxytocin from skin-to-skin contact enhances development of parent-infant relationship. Biological Research for Nursing, 20(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800417735633
WHO Immediate KMC Study Group. (2021). Immediate kangaroo mother care and survival of infants with low birth weight. The New England Journal of Medicine, 384(21), 2028-2038. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2026486
Wild, D., Grove, A., Martin, M., Eremenco, S., McElroy, S., Verjee-Lorenz, A., & Erikson, P. (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. Value in Health, 8(2), 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x
World Health Organization. (1998). Health promotion evaluation: Recommendations to policy-makers. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.
World Health Organization. (2020). Clinical management of COVID-19: Interim guidance, 27 May 2020. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/clinical-management-of-covid-19
World Health Organization. (2022). WHO recommendations for care of the preterm or low-birth-weight infant. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240058262
World Health Organization. (2023). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low-birth-weight infants. https://www.who.int/tools/elena/review-summaries/kangaroo-care-infants--kangaroo-mother-care-to-reduce-morbidity-and-mortality-in-low-birthweight-infants
Yue J, Liu J, Williams S, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Liu X, Wall S, Wetzel G, Zhao G, Bouey J. Barriers and facilitators of kangaroo mother care adoption in five Chinese hospitals: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2020 Aug 13;20(1):1234. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09337-6. PMID: 32791972; PMCID: PMC7427278.