在行動裝置的數位環境中，虛擬按鈕是最受歡迎的互動元素之一。 然而，許多虛擬按鈕的尺寸小於建議值，容易導致錯誤點擊。而在提升按鈕輸入表現的方法中，目前最流行的是以語言模型為基礎的預測文字輸入法，但它是無法用來改善非文字類按鈕的輸入表現。因此，本研究根據偏移模型與使用者具有點擊視覺線索的自然傾向，發展一種新的視覺回饋。此外，過去研究證實在觸控螢幕上存在著on-screen affordances。但是在智慧型手機裡，虛擬按鈕的on-screen affordances特性尚不清楚。因此，本研究透過檢驗虛擬鍵盤按鈕的視覺屬性，以驗證虛擬按鈕的on-screen affordances，觀察這些視覺屬性能否提供可能的點擊動作。本研究共進行五個實驗，皆採用受試者內設計，獨變項計有「符號位置」、「按鈕邊框」與「按鈕位置」變項，依變項包含可反映按鈕輸入準確度與速度的四項指標與系統可用性量表分數。每個實驗各自招募30 名受試者，要求他們在智慧型手機上用右手拇指連續點擊不同樣式的虛擬鍵盤按鈕。實驗結果如下。實驗一證實無論受試者採用什麼點擊策略，他們皆具有朝符號點擊的自然傾向，並發現這種傾向會隨按鈕的位置而調整。實驗二根據這種自然的點擊傾向開發一個偏移校正符號的演算法，可有效提升輸入準確度。實驗三與實驗四證實偏移校正符號不僅影響點擊行為的感覺層面，還影響動作層面。此外，提高偏移校正符號的視覺強度有助於輸入準確度的提升。實驗五顯示當受試者了解偏移校正符號的功能時，可以取得更好的輸入準確度，並發現它能提升無邊框按鈕的輸入速度。因此，偏移校正符號可在不降低輸入速度下提升輸入準確度。本研究透過探索使用者點擊虛擬按鈕的行為來拓展on-screen affordances的知識，並提供可提升按鈕輸入表現的設計建議。

In the digital environment of mobile devices, virtual buttons are one of the most popular interactive elements. However, the size of many virtual buttons is below the recommended value, resulting in more erroneous taps. Furthermore, the popular predictive text entry method based on language models cannot be applied to non-text virtual buttons. Therefore, the present study developed new visual feedback based on an offset model and a natural tendency to tap noticeable cues. Additionally, on-screen affordances exist on the touchscreen, but the on-screen affordance of virtual buttons on smartphones is unknown.  Thus, the present study investigated the on-screen affordances by examining whether the visual properties of virtual keyboard buttons afford possible clicking actions. The present study conducted five experiments that employed a within-subject design. Symbol position, button border, and button position are the independent variables. The error rate, X offset, Y offset, entry duration, and System Usability Scale scores are the dependent variables. Each experiment recruited 30 participants to perform the serial tapping task. All participants used their right thumb to tap virtual keyboard buttons with different button types. The results of five experiments are as follows. Experiment 1 confirmed the tendency to tap noticeable symbols and revealed that this tendency varied according to the button position. Experiment 2 developed a valid algorithm for offset-correcting symbols to effectively reduce the error rate and input offsets. Experiments 3 and 4 confirmed that offset-correcting symbols influenced tapping behavior not limited to the sensory level but also to the motor level. Moreover, enhancing the visual salience of offset-correcting symbols contributed to higher entry accuracy. Experiment 5 demonstrated that when the participants understood the function of offset-correcting symbols, they tapped virtual keyboard buttons with higher entry accuracy. Furthermore, offset-correcting symbols could improve the entry speed of borderless buttons. Therefore, offset-correcting symbols increased the entry accuracy without the speed-accuracy tradeoff. The present study contributed to the knowledge about on-screen affordances and provided design suggestions.

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