本研究合成具光熱轉換特性之氧化銫鎢複合氧化釕奈米粒子，並利用
X 光繞射分析、掃描和穿透式電子顯微鏡、分光光度計、X 射線光電子能
譜等儀器鑑定材料之合成，之後將材料應用在固態電容器負極部分，電極
部分為了具備透明和可撓性，選用對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)薄膜，使用前
利用銀奈米線進行改質，其後依序塗佈氧化釕複合氧化銫鎢奈米粒子和
聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)-聚苯乙烯磺酸(PEDOT:PSS)，在正極部分則塗佈
PEDOT:PSS，最後將正負極和膠態電解質 PAA/H2SO4 做組裝，即完成透
明可撓式之全固態超級電容器。在照射模擬太陽光後，進行電化學測試比
較照光前後之電容值，得知在照光後可提升約 20%之面電容值，利用動
力學分析可得知隨著掃描速率下降，照光後可提供之擴散控制電容值增
益較照光前明顯，EIS 分析亦得到在照光後內電阻下降之結果，推論在負
極材料吸收近紅外光波段產生光熱轉換，提高電解質溫度，因此增強其擴
散效率。最後將固態電容器經由電化學測試所得之數據整理成 Ragone
plot，可得知照光後之功率和能量密度皆有得到提升，且在 2000 次循環
測試下，仍能有 74%之電容維持率。以上分析證明本研究組裝之固態電
容器在照射太陽光後可對其應用端得到良好的作用。

In this research, cesium-tungsten oxide composite ruthenium oxide nanoparticles with photothermal effect was synthesized, and use XRD, SEM, TEM,
XPS, spectrophotometer to identify the synthesis of the material. Next applied
the material to the negative electrode part of the supercapacitor. In order to be
transparent and flexible, the negative electrode is made of ethylene
terephthalate (PET) film, which is modified with silver nanowire before it was
coated with ruthenium oxide composite cesium tungsten oxide nanoparticles.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS) is
coated on the positive electrode part, and finally the positive and negative
electrodes are assembled with the gel electrolyte PAA/H2SO4. A transparent and
flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor is assembled successfully. After the
supercapacitor was irradiated under simulated sunlight, an electrochemical test
was performed to compare the capacitance value before and after the
illumination. It was found that the area capacitance value could be increased by
about 20% after the illumination. The dynamic analysis showed that as the scan
rate decreases, the diffusion control capacitance of the supercapacitor with
illumination was increased more than the supercapacitor without illumination.
EIS analysis also found that the internal resistance decreased after the
supercapacitor was under illumination. It is inferred that the negative electrode
material absorbs NIR light to induce photothermal conversion, which may
increase the electrolyte temperature, thereby enhancing its diffusion efficiency.
Finally, the data obtained by the electrochemical test of the solid state
supercapacitor was sorted into a Ragone plot. It can be seen that the power and
energy density after illumination have been improved after supercapacitor was
under illumination. And the capacitance retention was about 74% of original
capacitance under 2000 cycles test. The above analysis proves that the solid
state supercapacitor assembled in this research can get a positive effect on its
application after being under the sunlight.

[1] H. Yang, S. Kannappan, A. S. Pandian, J.-H. Jang, Y. S. Lee, and W. Lu, "Graphene supercapacitor with both high power and energy density," Nanotechnology, vol. 28, no. 44, p. 445401, 2017.
[2] P. Liu, Y. Zhu, X. Gao, Y. Huang, Y. Wang, S. Qin, and Y. Zhang, "Rational construction of bowl-like MnO2 nanosheets with excellent electrochemical performance for supercapacitor electrodes," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 350, p. 79, 2018.
[3] J. Yan, Z. Fan, T. Wei, W. Qian, M. Zhang, and F. Wei, "Fast and reversible surface redox reaction of graphene–MnO2 composites as supercapacitor electrodes," Carbon, vol. 48, no. 13, p. 3825, 2010.
[4] S.-H. Ji, N. R. Chodankar, and D.-H. Kim, "Aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor based on RuO2-WO3 electrodes," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 325, p. 134879, 2019.
[5] Y. Huang, H. Li, Z. Wang, M. Zhu, Z. Pei, Q. Xue, Y. Huang, and C. Zhi, "Nanostructured polypyrrole as a flexible electrode material of supercapacitor," Nano Energy, vol. 22, p. 422, 2016.
[6] Y. Ko, M. Kwon, W. K. Bae, B. Lee, S. W. Lee, and J. Cho, "Flexible supercapacitor electrodes based on real metal-like cellulose papers," Nature Communications, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1, 2017.
[7] D. Li, X. Liu, X. Chen, W. Y. Lai, and W. Huang, "A simple strategy towards highly conductive silver‐nanowire inks for screen‐printed flexible transparent conductive films and wearable energy‐storage devices," Advanced Materials Technologies, vol. 4, no. 8, p. 1900196, 2019.
[8] S. Chen, L. Wang, and X. Hu, "Photothermal supercapacitors at− 40° C based on bifunctional TiN electrodes," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 423, p. 130162, 2021.
[9] L. Peng, X. Peng, B. Liu, C. Wu, Y. Xie, and G. Yu, "Ultrathin two-dimensional MnO2/graphene hybrid nanostructures for high-performance, flexible planar supercapacitors," Nano Letters, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 2151, 2013.
[10] A. Muzaffar, M. B. Ahamed, K. Deshmukh, and J. Thirumalai, "A review on recent advances in hybrid supercapacitors: Design, fabrication and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 101, p. 123, 2019.
[11] T. Pandolfo, V. Ruiz, S. Sivakkumar, and J. Nerkar, "General properties of electrochemical capacitors," ed: Wiley Online Library, 2013.
[12] A. González, E. Goikolea, J. A. Barrena, and R. Mysyk, "Review on supercapacitors: Technologies and materials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 58, p. 1189, 2016.
[13] V. K. A. Muniraj, C. K. Kamaja, and M. V. Shelke, "RuO2 nH2O nanoparticles anchored on carbon nano-onions: an efficient electrode for solid state flexible electrochemical supercapacitor," ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 2528, 2016.
[14] P. Andrew and A. Ilie, "Functionalised silver nanowire structures," in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 61, no. 1, p. 008, 2007.
[15] P. Jiang, S. Y. Li, S. S. Xie, Y. Gao, and L. Song, "Machinable long PVP‐stabilized silver nanowires," Chemistry–A European Journal, vol. 10, no. 19, p. 4817, 2004.
[16] D. Langley, G. Giusti, C. Mayousse, C. Celle, D. Bellet, and J.-P. Simonato, "Flexible transparent conductive materials based on silver nanowire networks: a review," Nanotechnology, vol. 24, no. 45, p. 452001, 2013.
[17] S. Coskun, B. Aksoy, and H. E. Unalan, "Polyol synthesis of silver nanowires: an extensive parametric study," Crystal Growth & Design, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 4963, 2011.
[18] K. E. Korte, S. E. Skrabalak, and Y. Xia, "Rapid synthesis of silver nanowires through a CuCl-or CuCl2-mediated polyol process," Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 437, 2008.
[19] S. Chang, K. Chen, Q. Hua, Y. Ma, and W. Huang, "Evidence for the growth mechanisms of silver nanocubes and nanowires," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 115, no. 16, p. 7979, 2011.
[20] D. Chen, X. Qiao, and J. Chen, "Morphology-controlled synthesis of silver nanostructures via a solvothermal method," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 1335, 2011.
[21] Z. Wang, J. Liu, X. Chen, J. Wan, and Y. Qian, "A simple hydrothermal route to large‐scale synthesis of uniform silver nanowires," Chemistry–A European Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 160, 2005.
[22] V. Pamidi and M. Mukherjee, "Melt injection–a novel method to produce metal foams," Materialia, vol. 4, p. 500, 2018.
[23] M. Barbic, J. J. Mock, D. Smith, and S. Schultz, "Single crystal silver nanowires prepared by the metal amplification method," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 91, no. 11, p. 9341, 2002.
[24] S. Berchmans, R. Nirmal, G. Prabaharan, S. Madhu, and V. Yegnaraman, "Templated synthesis of silver nanowires based on the layer-by-layer assembly of silver with dithiodipropionic acid molecules as spacers," Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 303, no. 2, p. 604, 2006.
[25] D. Y. Choi, H. W. Kang, H. J. Sung, and S. S. Kim, "Annealing-free, flexible silver nanowire–polymer composite electrodes via a continuous two-step spray-coating method," Nanoscale, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 977, 2013.
[26] X. Guo, C. W. Guo, C. Wang, C. Li, and X. M. Sun, "AlGaInP LED with low-speed spin-coating silver nanowires as transparent conductive layer," Nanoscale Research Letters, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 1, 2014.
[27] M. Hu, J. Gao, Y. Dong, K. Li, G. Shan, S. Yang, and R. K.-Y. Li, "Flexible transparent PES/silver nanowires/PET sandwich-structured film for high-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding," Langmuir, vol. 28, no. 18, p. 7101, 2012.
[28] C. Preston, Y. Xu, X. Han, J. N. Munday, and L. Hu, "Optical haze of transparent and conductive silver nanowire films," Nano Research, vol. 6, no. 7, p. 461, 2013.
[29] T. Kim, Y. W. Kim, H. S. Lee, H. Kim, W. S. Yang, and K. S. Suh, "Uniformly interconnected silver‐nanowire networks for transparent film heaters," Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 23, no. 10, p. 1250, 2013.
[30] C.-C. Chen, L. Dou, R. Zhu, C.-H. Chung, T.-B. Song, Y. B. Zheng, S. Hawks, G. Li, P. S. Weiss, and Y. Yang, "Visibly transparent polymer solar cells produced by solution processing," ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 8, p. 7185, 2012.
[31] C. J. Emmott, A. Urbina, and J. Nelson, "Environmental and economic assessment of ITO-free electrodes for organic solar cells," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 97, p. 14, 2012.
[32] L. Yang, T. Zhang, H. Zhou, S. C. Price, B. J. Wiley, and W. You, "Solution-processed flexible polymer solar cells with silver nanowire electrodes," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 3, no. 10, p. 4075, 2011.
[33] R. G. Gordon, "Criteria for choosing transparent conductors," MRS Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 8, p. 52, 2000.
[34] C. Celle, C. Mayousse, E. Moreau, H. Basti, A. Carella, and J.-P. Simonato, "Highly flexible transparent film heaters based on random networks of silver nanowires," Nano Research, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 427, 2012.
[35] Z. Yu, Q. Zhang, L. Li, Q. Chen, X. Niu, J. Liu, and Q. Pei, "Highly flexible silver nanowire electrodes for shape‐memory polymer light‐emitting diodes," Advanced Materials, vol. 23, no. 5, p. 664, 2011.
[36] L. Li, Z. Yu, W. Hu, C. h. Chang, Q. Chen, and Q. Pei, "Efficient flexible phosphorescent polymer light‐emitting diodes based on silver nanowire‐polymer composite electrode," Advanced Materials, vol. 23, no. 46, p. 5563, 2011.
[37] A. Hussain, R. Gruehn, and C. Rüscher, "Crystal growth of alkali metal tungsten brozes MxWO3 (M=K, Rb, Cs), and their optical properties," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 246, no. 1-2, p. 51, 1997.
[38] J.-S. Lee, H.-C. Liu, G.-D. Peng, and Y. Tseng, "Facile synthesis and structure characterization of hexagonal tungsten bronzes crystals," Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 465, p. 27, 2017.
[39] C.-J. Chen and D.-H. Chen, "Preparation and near-infrared photothermal conversion property of cesium tungsten oxide nanoparticles," Nanoscale Research Letters, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1, 2013.
[40] M. Sienko, "Thallium-Tungsten Bronze: A Solid State Defect Structure1," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 81, no. 21, p. 5556, 1959.
[41] F. Baucke, J. Duffy, and R. Smith, "Optical absorption of tungsten bronze thin films for electrochromic applications," Thin Solid Films, vol. 186, no. 1, p. 47, 1990.
[42] P. Dickens and M. Whittingham, "The tungsten bronzes and related compounds," Quarterly Reviews, Chemical Society, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 30, 1968.
[43] C. Guo, S. Yin, L. Huang, and T. Sato, "Synthesis of one-dimensional potassium tungsten bronze with excellent near-infrared absorption property," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 3, no. 7, p. 2794, 2011.
[44] C.-M. Wu, S. Naseem, M.-H. Chou, J.-H. Wang, and Y.-Q. Jian, "Recent advances in tungsten-oxide-based materials and their applications," Frontiers in Materials, vol. 6, p. 49, 2019.
[45] C. Guo, S. Yin, M. Yan, and T. Sato, "Facile synthesis of homogeneous CsxWO3 nanorods with excellent low-emissivity and NIR shielding property by a water controlled-release process," Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 13, p. 5099, 2011.
[46] K. Adachi, Y. Ota, H. Tanaka, M. Okada, N. Oshimura, and A. Tofuku, "Chromatic instabilities in cesium-doped tungsten bronze nanoparticles," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 114, no. 19, p. 194304, 2013.
[47] P.-S. Hu, N. Tomasovicova, H.-J. Chou, M.-C. Li, M. Vojtko, K. Zakutanska, J. Majorosova, S.-J. Chen, and P. Kopcansky, "Hyperthermia induced by near-infrared laser-irradiated CsWO3 nanoparticles disintegrates preformed lysozyme amyloid fibrils," Nanomaterials, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 442, 2020.
[48] A. Hjelm, C. G. Granqvist, and J. M. Wills, "Electronic structure and optical properties of WO3, LiWO3, NaWO3, and HWO3," Physical Review B, vol. 54, no. 4, p. 2436, 1996.
[49] O. Schirmer, V. Wittwer, G. Baur, and G. Brandt, "Dependence of WO3 electrochromic absorption on crystallinity," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 124, no. 5, p. 749, 1977.
[50] X. Wu, S. Yin, D. Xue, S. Komarneni, and T. Sato, "A CsxWO3/ZnO nanocomposite as a smart coating for photocatalytic environmental cleanup and heat insulation," Nanoscale, vol. 7, no. 40, p. 17048, 2015.
[51] Y. Cheng, F. Yang, G. Xiang, K. Zhang, Y. Cao, D. Wang, H. Dong, and X. Zhang, "Ultrathin tellurium oxide/ammonium tungsten bronze nanoribbon for multimodality imaging and second near-infrared region photothermal therapy," Nano Letters, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1179, 2019.
[52] S. Naseem, C.-M. Wu, and T. F. Chala, "Photothermal-responsive tungsten bronze/recycled cellulose triacetate porous fiber membranes for efficient light-driven interfacial water evaporation," Solar Energy, vol. 194, p. 391, 2019.
[53] S. Yoon, E. Kang, J. K. Kim, C. W. Lee, and J. Lee, "Development of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes using novel ordered mesoporous tungsten oxide materials with high electrical conductivity," Chemical Communications, vol. 47, no. 3, p. 1021, 2011.
[54] Y. Zhou, S. Ko, C. W. Lee, S. G. Pyo, S.-K. Kim, and S. Yoon, "Enhanced charge storage by optimization of pore structure in nanocomposite between ordered mesoporous carbon and nanosized WO3− x," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 244, p. 777, 2013.
[55] S. Yoon, C. Jo, S. Y. Noh, C. W. Lee, J. H. Song, and J. Lee, "Development of a high-performance anode for lithium ion batteries using novel ordered mesoporous tungsten oxide materials with high electrical conductivity," Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 13, no. 23, p. 11060, 2011.
[56] J. Lee, C. Jo, B. Park, W. Hwang, H. I. Lee, S. Yoon, and J. Lee, "Simple fabrication of flexible electrodes with high metal-oxide content: electrospun reduced tungsten oxide/carbon nanofibers for lithium ion battery applications," Nanoscale, vol. 6, no. 17, p. 10147, 2014.
[57] J. A. Rard, "Chemistry and thermodynamics of ruthenium and some of its inorganic compounds and aqueous species," Chemical Reviews, vol. 85, no. 1, p. 1, 1985.
[58] Z. R. Cormier, H. A. Andreas, and P. Zhang, "Temperature-dependent structure and electrochemical behavior of RuO2/carbon nanocomposites," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 115, no. 39, pp. 19117, 2011.
[59] I.-H. Kim, J.-H. Kim, and K.-B. Kim, "Electrochemical characterization of electrochemically prepared ruthenium oxide/carbon nanotube electrode for supercapacitor application," Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, vol. 8, no. 7, p. A369, 2005.
[60] S. Cho, M. Kim, and J. Jang, "Screen-printable and flexible RuO2 nanoparticle-decorated PEDOT: PSS/graphene nanocomposite with enhanced electrical and electrochemical performances for high-capacity supercapacitor," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 7, no. 19, p. 10213, 2015.
[61] Z. S. Wu, D. W. Wang, W. Ren, J. Zhao, G. Zhou, F. Li, and H. M. Cheng, "Anchoring hydrous RuO2 on graphene sheets for high‐performance electrochemical capacitors," Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 20, no. 20, p. 3595, 2010.
[62] J. D. Kim, B. Kang, T. Noh, J.-G. Yoon, S. Baik, and Y.-W. Kim, "Controlling the nanostructure of RuO2/carbon nanotube composites by gas annealing," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 152, no. 2, p. D23, 2004.
[63] M. L. Toebes, F. F. Prinsloo, J. H. Bitter, A. J. van Dillen, and K. P. de Jong, "Influence of oxygen-containing surface groups on the activity and selectivity of carbon nanofiber-supported ruthenium catalysts in the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde," Journal of Catalysis, vol. 214, no. 1, p. 78, 2003.
[64] X. Fu, H. Yu, F. Peng, H. Wang, and Y. Qian, "Facile preparation of RuO2/CNT catalyst by a homogenous oxidation precipitation method and its catalytic performance," Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 321, no. 2, pp. 190, 2007.
[65] J. R. Miller and P. Simon, "The Chalkboard: Fundamentals of Electrochemical Capacitor Design and Operation," The Electrochemical Society Interface, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 31, 2008.
[66] I.-H. Kim and K.-B. Kim, "Electrochemical characterization of hydrous ruthenium oxide thin-film electrodes for electrochemical capacitor applications," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 153, no. 2, p. A383, 2006.
[67] Q. Jia, S. Song, X. Wu, J. Cho, S. Foltyn, A. Findikoglu, and J. Smith, "Epitaxial growth of highly conductive RuO2 thin films on (100) Si," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 68, no. 8, p. 1069, 1996.
[68] N.-L. Wu, S.-L. Kuo, and M.-H. Lee, "Preparation and optimization of RuO2-impregnated SnO2 xerogel supercapacitor," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 104, no. 1, p. 62, 2002.
[69] Y.-f. Su, W. Feng, L.-y. Bao, and Z.-h. Yang, "RuO2/activated carbon composites as a positive electrode in an alkaline electrochemical capacitor," New Carbon Materials, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 53, 2007.
[70] C.-C. Hu, W.-C. Chen, and K.-H. Chang, "How to achieve maximum utilization of hydrous ruthenium oxide for supercapacitors," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 151, no. 2, p. A281, 2004.
[71] W. Sugimoto, K. Yokoshima, Y. Murakami, and Y. Takasu, "Charge storage mechanism of nanostructured anhydrous and hydrous ruthenium-based oxides," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 52, no. 4, p. 1742, 2006.
[72] G.-Y. Yu, W.-X. Chen, Y.-F. Zheng, J. Zhao, X. Li, and Z.-D. Xu, "Synthesis of Ru/carbon nanocomposites by polyol process for electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes," Materials Letters, vol. 60, no. 20, p. 2453, 2006.
[73] J. W. Long, K. E. Swider, C. I. Merzbacher, and D. R. Rolison, "Voltammetric characterization of ruthenium oxide-based aerogels and other RuO2 solids: the nature of capacitance in nanostructured materials," Langmuir, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 780, 1999.
[74] L. Zang and H. Kisch, "Room temperature oxidation of carbon monoxide catalyzed by hydrous ruthenium dioxide," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 39, no. 21, p. 3921, 2000.
[75] B.-Z. Zhan, M. A. White, T.-K. Sham, J. A. Pincock, R. J. Doucet, K. R. Rao, K. N. Robertson, and T. S. Cameron, "Zeolite-confined nano-RuO2: A green, selective, and efficient catalyst for aerobic alcohol oxidation," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125, no. 8, p. 2195, 2003.
[76] H. Shi, C. Liu, Q. Jiang, and J. Xu, "Effective approaches to improve the electrical conductivity of PEDOT: PSS: a review," Advanced Electronic Materials, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 1500017, 2015.
[77] S. Jönsson, J. Birgerson, X. Crispin, G. Greczynski, W. Osikowicz, A. D. Van Der Gon, W. R. Salaneck, and M. Fahlman, "The effects of solvents on the morphology and sheet resistance in poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–polystyrenesulfonic acid (PEDOT–PSS) films," Synthetic Metals, vol. 139, no. 1, p. 1, 2003.
[78] J. Huang, P. F. Miller, J. C. de Mello, A. J. de Mello, and D. D. Bradley, "Influence of thermal treatment on the conductivity and morphology of PEDOT/PSS films," Synthetic Metals, vol. 139, no. 3, p. 569, 2003.
[79] A. M. Nardes, M. Kemerink, M. De Kok, E. Vinken, K. Maturova, and R. Janssen, "Conductivity, work function, and environmental stability of PEDOT: PSS thin films treated with sorbitol," Organic Electronics, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 727, 2008.
[80] B. Friedel, P. E. Keivanidis, T. J. Brenner, A. Abrusci, C. R. McNeill, R. H. Friend, and N. C. Greenham, "Effects of layer thickness and annealing of PEDOT: PSS layers in organic photodetectors," Macromolecules, vol. 42, no. 17, pp. 6741, 2009.
[81] Q. Wei, M. Mukaida, Y. Naitoh, and T. Ishida, "Morphological change and mobility enhancement in PEDOT: PSS by adding co‐solvents," Advanced Materials, vol. 25, no. 20, p. 2831, 2013.
[82] D. Alemu, H.-Y. Wei, K.-C. Ho, and C.-W. Chu, "Highly conductive PEDOT: PSS electrode by simple film treatment with methanol for ITO-free polymer solar cells," Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 5, no. 11, p. 9662, 2012.
[83] T. Wang, Y. Qi, J. Xu, X. Hu, and P. Chen, "Effects of poly (ethylene glycol) on electrical conductivity of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly (styrenesulfonic acid) film," Applied Surface Science, vol. 250, no. 1-4, pp. 188, 2005.
[84] Y. Xia and J. Ouyang, "Significant conductivity enhancement of conductive poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrenesulfonate) films through a treatment with organic carboxylic acids and inorganic acids," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 474, 2010.
[85] R. I. Walton, "Subcritical solvothermal synthesis of condensed inorganic materials," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 230, 2002.
[86] H. Hayashi and Y. Hakuta, "Hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles in supercritical water," Materials, vol. 3, no. 7, p. 3794, 2010.
[87] A. Rabenau, "The role of hydrothermal synthesis in preparative chemistry," Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, vol. 24, no. 12, p. 1026, 1985.
[88] J. D. Wadhawan, U. Schröder, A. Neudeck, S. J. Wilkins, R. G. Compton, F. Marken, C. S. Consorti, R. F. de Souza, and J. r. Dupont, "Ionic liquid modified electrodes. Unusual partitioning and diffusion effects of Fe (CN) 64−/3− in droplet and thin layer deposits of 1-methyl-3-(2, 6-(S)-dimethylocten-2-yl)-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate," Journalof Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 493, no. 1-2, p. 75, 2000.
[89] H. Wang, M. Liang, D. Duan, W. Shi, Y. Song, and Z. Sun, "Rose-like Ni3S4 as battery-type electrode for hybrid supercapacitor with excellent charge storage performance," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 350, p. 523, 2018.
[90] K. Tybrandt, S. B. Kollipara, and M. Berggren, "Organic electrochemical transistors for signal amplification in fast scan cyclic voltammetry," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 195, p. 651, 2014.
[91] G. A. Mabbott, "An introduction to cyclic voltammetry," Journal of Chemical education, vol. 60, no. 9, p. 697, 1983.
[92] J. Xie, P. Yang, Y. Wang, T. Qi, Y. Lei, and C. M. Li, "Puzzles and confusions in supercapacitor and battery: Theory and solutions," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 401, p. 213, 2018.
[93] M. Notarianni, J. Liu, K. Vernon, and N. Motta, "Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage," Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 149, 2016.
[94] Y.-K. Hsu, Y.-C. Chen, Y.-G. Lin, L.-C. Chen, and K.-H. Chen, "High-cell-voltage supercapacitor of carbon nanotube/carbon cloth operating in neutral aqueous solution," Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 8, p. 3383, 2012.
[95] B.-Y. Chang and S.-M. Park, "Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy," Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, vol. 3, p. 207, 2010.
[96] R. E. White, J. O. M. Bockris, and R. E. White, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry 32. Springer, 1999.
[97] S. Ardizzone, G. Fregonara, and S. Trasatti, "“Inner” and “outer” active surface of RuO2 electrodes," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 263, 1990.
[98] A. Eftekhari, "Comments on “Li diffusion in LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 thin film electrodes prepared by pulsed laser deposition” by Xia et al," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 55, no. 9, p. 3434, 2010.