隨著鋰離子電池儲能系統於再生能源併網、備援電力及電網調節等領域之應用日益增加，其熱失控所引發之室內火災風險亦逐漸受到重視。本研究以裝設鋰離子電池之儲能系統為研究對象，利用Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)建立室內火災模型，探討儲能系統熱失控後之火場發展行為，並評估水霧系統對火災之抑制效果。
本研究首先透過改變門開口面積分析通風控制對火場之影響。結果顯示，隨著門開口面積減少，室內氧氣供應受限，熱釋放率、火焰分布及木質壁裝燒失率皆降低；其中總燒失率由100%開口之91.52%降至50%開口之53.44%，顯示本研究模擬空間具有明顯通風控制特性。
在水霧參數分析中，本研究比較不同流量（30、60、90 L/min）、水滴粒徑（600、700、800 μm）、噴射速度（8、11、14 m/s）、噴射角度（30°、60°、90°）及灑水啟動時間之影響。結果顯示，流量為影響抑制效果之主要因素，提高流量可有效降低熱釋放率、室內溫度及木質壁裝燒失率。較大粒徑與較高噴射速度於低流量條件下容易造成局部高溫、火勢波動或復燃現象；噴射角度影響相對較小，其中90°較開的噴灑角度具有較穩定之抑制效果。此外，當灑水啟動時間由約53 s延後至700 s 時，木質壁裝已在灑水前大量參與燃燒，使後續抑制難度增加；延遲灑水條件下 FR30、FR60 與FR90之總燒失率分別50.32%、26.42%與20.84%。
在多組ESS火災分析中，第二組ESS未引燃時，雖對整體熱釋放率影響有限，但仍會改變室內氣流與熱分布，使火焰集中於特定區域。當第二組 ESS 發生熱失控後，受通風控制影響，熱釋放率峰值未明顯增加，但火災持續時間延長，且木質壁裝燒失率由87.83%上升至92.17%。設置水霧系統後，單組ESS總燒失率由91.52%降至42.26%，兩組ESS皆熱失控情境則由92.17%降至46.65%；同時，第二組ESS 之熱失控判定時間由無灑水之344 s延後至1260 s。

As the application of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems in renewable energy integration, backup power supply, and grid regulation continues to increase, the indoor fire risks caused by thermal runaway have received growing attention. In this study, an energy storage system equipped with lithium-ion batteries was selected as the research object, and the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was used to establish an indoor fire model. The fire development behavior after thermal runaway of the energy storage system was investigated, and the fire suppression effectiveness of a water mist system was evaluated.
This study first analyzed the effect of ventilation control on fire development by changing the door opening area. The results showed that as the door opening area decreased, the indoor oxygen supply became limited, resulting in reductions in heat release rate, flame spread, and burn-out of wooden wall linings. The total burn-out decreased from 91.52% under the 100% door opening condition to 53.44% under the 50% door opening condition, indicating that the simulated compartment exhibited clear ventilation-controlled characteristics.
In the analysis of water mist parameters, this study compared the effects of different flow rates (30, 60, and 90 L/min), droplet sizes (600, 700, and 800 μm), injection speeds (8, 11, and 14 m/s), spray angles (30°, 60°, and 90°), and sprinkler activation times. The results showed that flow rate was the dominant factor affecting suppression performance. Increasing the flow rate effectively reduced the heat release rate, indoor temperature, and burn-out of wooden wall linings. Larger droplets and higher injection speeds tended to cause localized high-temperature regions, fire fluctuations, or re-ignition under low flow rate conditions. The effect of spray angle was relatively minor, while the wider 90° spray angle provides broader water mist coverage and therefore exhibits more stable suppression performance. In addition, when the sprinkler activation time was delayed from approximately 53 s to 700 s, the wooden wall linings had already become extensively involved in combustion before water application, increasing the difficulty of subsequent suppression. Under delayed sprinkler activation, the total burn-out values for FR30, FR60, and FR90 were 50.32%, 26.42%, and 20.84%, respectively.
In the analysis of multiple ESS fire scenarios, when the second ESS did not ignite, its influence on the overall heat release rate was limited. However, it still altered the indoor airflow and thermal distribution, causing flames to concentrate in specific regions. When the second ESS underwent thermal runaway, the peak heat release rate did not increase significantly due to ventilation-controlled conditions, but the fire duration was extended, and the burn-out of wooden wall linings increased from 87.83% to 92.17%. After the water mist system was installed, the total burn-out of the single ESS case decreased from 91.52% to 42.26%, while that of the two-ESS thermal runaway case decreased from 92.17% to 46.65%. Meanwhile, the thermal runaway criterion time of the second ESS was delayed from 344 s without water mist to 1260 s with water mist.

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