由工業革命時代進入知識經濟時代，知識儼然成為公司營運時所必需的最重要資產。一項重要的知識是否能夠有效的傳遞，關乎企業營運的成敗，同是更是企業創新的最重要元素。已故的管理學大師彼得‧杜拉克曾說：「不創新，即死亡」。因此我們可說，重要知識的傳遞，乃是企業創新的關鍵。

　　同時，隨著環境的快速劇烈變動，許多企業開始向海外擴張以因應成本或是在地化、國際化等眾多需求。在海外的子公司其營運有時也需要母公司的支援，其中，母公司所擁有的獨有的營運知識（或稱競爭優勢）的傳遞尤其重要。然而，這類獨有知識的傳遞通常是困難的，學者們稱這種知識傳遞的困難性為「知識僵固性」。

　　本研究探討了知識僵固性對母子公司之間知識傳遞有效性的影響，進而探討其對子公司創新績效的影響。同時，針對此一知識僵固性的特質，探討了因果模糊性以及社會影響對於知識傳遞有效性的調節效果。本研究的主要發現如下：
1. 知識僵固性對於知識傳遞的有效性以及創新的績效有負向的影響。
2. 知識傳遞的有效性對於創新的績效有正向的影響。
3. 因果模糊性以及社會影響對於知識僵固性以及知識傳遞有效性、創新績效有負向的調節效果。

　　Form the industrial revolution age to a knowledge economic one, knowledge has become the most important asset for a company’s operation. Whether an important knowledge’s transfer is effective or not is not only the key to the survival of a company, but also the key element to its innovation. Drucker once said: innovation or die. Hence we may say that the transfer of important knowledge is the key to a company’s innovation.

　　Simultaneously, as the environment changes so fast, companies set subsidiaries in the overseas marketplaces in order to response to the cost pressure or to reach the trend of localization or internationalization. In most of the cases, the overseas subsidiaries need the support from their parent firms, especially the transfer of unique operational knowledge. However, this kind of knowledge is often difficult to transfer, and scholars called this property as knowledge stickiness.

　　This study investigated the relationship among knowledge stickiness, knowledge transfer effectiveness and innovation. Meanwhile, it also studies the moderating effects caused by causal ambiguity and social influence. The major findings are as follows:
1. Knowledge stickiness has negative influence on knowledge transfer effectiveness and innovation.
2. Knowledge transfer effectiveness has positive influence on innovation.
3. Causal ambiguity and social influence have negative moderating effects on the relationship between knowledge stickiness and knowledge transfer effectiveness and between knowledge stickiness and innovation.

REFERENCES
Almeida, P. & Kogut, B. (1999). Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks. Management Science, 45, 905–917.
Andersen, P. M. (1999). Organizing international technological collaboration in subcontract relationships: an investigation of the knowledge stickiness problem. Research Policy, 28, 625-642.
Bartholomew, S. (1997). National systems of biotechnology innovation: complex interdependence in the global system. Journal of International Business Studies, 28, 241-266.
Barlett, C.A. & Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders: the transnational solution. Harvard Business School Press.
Birkinshaw, J. & Hood, N. (1998). Multinational subsidiary evolution: capability and charter change in foreign-owned subsidiary companies. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 773-795.
Bishop, P. & Crookell, H. H. (1986). Specialization in Canadian subsidiaries. Canadian Industry in Transition, 305-386.
Buckley, P. J. & Carter, M. J. (1999). Managing cross-border complementary knowledge. International Studies of Management & Organization, 29(1), 80-104.
Clark, P. A. & Staunton, N. (1989). Innovation in technology and organization. Routledge.
Crossan, M. M. & Inkpen, A. C. (1995). The subtle art of learning through alliances. Business Quarterly, 60(2), 69-78.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P. & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35, 982-1002.
Egbu, C. O. (2004). Managing knowledge and intellectual capital for improved organizational innovations in the construction industry: an examination of critical success factors. Construction and Architectural Management, 11(5), 301-315.
Gary, P.H. & Meister, D. B. (2005). Knowledge sourcing methods. Information & Management, 43, 142-156.
Ghoshal, S. & Bartlett, C. A. (1988). Creation, adoption, and diffusion of innovations by subsidi. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3), 365-388.
Goh, S.C. (2002). Managing effective knowledge transfer: an integrative framework and some practice implications. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(1), 23-30.
Goldsmith, W. (2001). Impact: The Theory and Physical Behavior of Colliding Solid. Edward Arnold.
Grant, R.M. (1996). Prospering in dynamically-competitive environments: Organizational capability as knowledge integration. Organizational Science, 7, 375-387.
Griffith, D. A., Zeybek, A. Y. & O’Brien, M. (2001). Knowledge transfer as a means for relationships development: a Kazakhstan-foreign international joint venture illustration. Journal of International Marketing, 9(2), 1-18.
Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the revolution, Harvard University Press.
Han, H., Phelps, K. L., Das, B., Shu, X. D., Xia, Y., Mosteller, R.D., Krishna, U. M., Falck, J. R. & White, M.A. (1998). Role of substrates and products of PI 3-kinase in regulating activation of Race-Related guanosine triphosphatases by vav. Science, 279(5350), 558-560.
Hayes, R. H. & Clark, K. B. (1985). Exploring the resources of productivity differences as the factory level. Wiley.
Hedlumd, G. & Zander, U. (1993). Architectonic and list-like knowledge structuring: a critique of modern concepts of knowledge management. Stockholm School of Economics.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Camp, S. M. & Sexton, D. L. (2001). Guest editors' introduction to the special issue strategic entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial strategies for wealth creation. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 479-491.
Hurley, R. F. & Hult, G. T. M. (1998). Innovation, market orientation, and organizational learning: an integration and empirical examination. Journal of Marketing, 62(3), 42-54.
Inkpen, A. (1996). Creating knowledge through collaboration. California management Review, 39(1), 123-141.
Ireland, R. D. & Hitt, M. A. (1999). Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: the role of strategic leadership. Academy of Management Executive, 13(1), 43-57.
Jensen, R. & Szulanski, G. (2004). Stickiness and the adaptation of organizational practices in cross-border knowledge transfers. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 508-523.
Kale, P., Singh, H. & Perlmutter, H. (2000). Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: building relational capital. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 217-237.
Karahanna, E. & Straub, D. W. (1999). The psychological origins of perceived usefulness and ease-of-use. Information & Management, 35, 237-250.
Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L. (1992), Management and motivation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13(4), 296-310.
Kirkman, B. L., Gibson, C. B. & Shapiro, D. L. (2001), Exploring teams: enhancing the implementation and effectiveness of work teams in global affiliates. Organizational Dynamics, 30(1), 12-29.
Kleijnen, M., Wetzels, M. & de Ruyter, K. (2004). Consumer acceptance of wireless finance. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 8(3), 206-217.
Kogut, B. & Zander, U. (1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3(3), 383-397.
Kogut, B. & Zander, U. (1993). Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 24, 625-646.
Kostova, T. (1999). Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: a contextual perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24, 308-324.
Levin, D. Z. & Cross, R. (2004). The Strength of weak ties you can trust: the mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer. Management Science, 50(11), 1477-1490.
Lippman, S. A. & Remult, R. P. (1982). Uncertain imitability: an analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition. Bell Journal of Economics, 13, 418-438.
Lu, J., Hayes, L., Liu, C. & Yu, C. (2003). Conceptual and operational definition of system complexity in the domain of wireless Internet via mobile technology. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 1(4), 360-371.
Lu, J., Yu, C. S., Liu, C. & Yao, J. (2003). Technology acceptance model for wireless Internet. Journal of Internet Research, 13(2), 206-222.
Lu, J., Yao, J. E. & Yu, C. S. (2005). Personal innovativeness, social influence and adoption of wireless internet services via mobile technology. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 14, 245-268.
Luo, Y. (2000). Determinants of local responsiveness: perspectives from foreign subsidiaries in an emerging market. Journal of Management, 27, 451-477.
Lüthje, C., Herstatt, C. & von Hippel, E. (2005). User-innovators and “local” information: The case of mountain biking. Research Policy, 34, 951-965.
Madhok, A. (1996). The organization of economic activity: transaction costs, firm capabilities and the nature of governance. Organization Science, 7, 577-590.
Madhok, A. (1997). Cost, value and foreign market entry mode: the transaction and the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 39-61.
March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87.
Madhok, A. & Liu, C. (2006). A coevolutionary theory of the multinational firm. Journal of International Management, 12, 1-21.
Morosini, P., Shane, S. & Singh, H. (1998). National cultural distance and cross-border acquisition performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1), 137-158.
Muchinsky, P. (1977). An intraorganizational analysis of the Roberts and O’Reilly organizational communication questionnaire. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 184-188.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organizational Science, 5(1), 14-37.
Ogawa, S. (1998). Does sticky information affect the locus of innovation? Evidence from the Japanese convenience-store industry. Research Policy, 26, 777-790.
Ogbu, J. U. (2004). Collective identity and the burden of acting white in black history, community, and education. The Urban Review, 1-35.
Polanyi, M. (1966). The tacit dimension. Anchor Books.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Harvard Business Review.
Prahalad, C. K. & Doz, Y. L. (1987). The multinational mission: balancing local demands and global vision. Free Press.
Prahalad, C. K. & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 79-91.
Reed, R. & DeFillippi, R. J. (1990). Causal ambiguity barriers to imitation, and sustainable competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 15, 88-102.
Rhoads, R. A. (1997). Community service and higher learning: explorations of the caring self. SUNY Press.
Roberts, K. & O’Reilly, C. (1974). Measuring organizational communication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 321-326.
Roberts, P. W. (1999). Product innovation, product-market competition and persistent profitability in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, 20(7), 655-670.
Rumelt, R. (1984). Toward a strategic theory of the firm: Competitive strategic management. Prentice-Hall.
Samiee, S. & Roth, K. (1992). The influence of global marketing standardization on performance. Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 1-17.
Schlegelmilch, B. B. & Chini, T. C. (2003). Knowledge transfer between marketing functions in multinational companies: a conceptual model. International Business Review, 12, 215-232.
Shannon, C. E. & Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press.
Simonin, B. L. (2004). An empirical investigation of the process of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliances. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 407-427.
Sorenson, R. Z. & Weichmann, U. E. (1975). How multinationals view marketing standardization. Harvard Business Review, 53, 38-40, 42-44, 48, 50, 54, 166-167.
Sorge, A. (1991). Strategic fit and the societal effect: interpreting cross-national comparisons of technology, organization and human resources. Organization Studies, 12(2), 161-190.
Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickiness: impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 27-43.
Szulanski, G. (2000). The process of knowledge transfer: a diachronic analysis of stickiness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 9-27.
Tiemessen, I., Lane, H. W., Crossan, M. M. & Inkpen, A. C. (1997). Knowledge management in international joint ventures. Cooperative Strategies: North American Perspectives, 370-399.
Tasi, W. & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 464-476.
Tung, L. L. & Rieck, O. (2005). Adoption of electronic government services among business organizations in Singapore. Journal of strategic information systems, 14(4), 417-440.
Van Den Borsch, F. A., Volberka, H. W. & Boer, M. (1999). Coevolution of firm absorptive capacity and knowledge environment: organizational forms and combinative capabilities. Organization Science, 10(5), 51-68.
Venkatesh, V. & Davis, F.D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204.
von Hippel, E. (1994). “Sticky information” and the locus of problem solving: implications for innovation. Management Science, 40(4), 429-439.
Waters, J. (2000). Achieving innovation or the holy grail: managing knowledge or managing commitment? International Journal of Technology Management, 20(5, 6, 7, 8), 819.
Winter, S. G. & Szulanski, G. (2001). Replication as strategy. Organization Science, 12(6), 730-743.
Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E. & Sapienza, H. J. (2001). Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6, 7), 587.
Zaltman, G., Duncan, R. & Holbek, J. (1973). Innovations and Organizations. Wiley.