本研究提出一以壓克力作為基材之毛細管電泳晶片，其係整合金奈米組合電極(gold nanoelectrode ensemble, GNEE)之工作電極與導電介面電極(decoupler)作為電化學檢測之應用。本研究提出一新穎的製程來製作此晶片，首先利用熱壓的方式，將製作好的金奈米電極薄膜，直接熱壓在經由微影製程製作出的平面金屬電極上，並利用一低溫化學接合的方法，封裝此具有微管道之晶片。實驗結果顯示，在檢測多巴胺(dopamine)時，與利用平面金電極所量得之訊號相較下，以金奈米組合電極作為工作電極可以大幅提高所得訊號大小。此外，在導電介面電極的效能比較上，與一平面鈀電極相比，利用金奈米組合電極作為導電介面電極之晶片，可以大幅減少在高分離電場下造成之雜訊電流與基線飄移影響。在檢測分離多巴胺及兒茶酚(catechol)等兩種神經傳導物質的應用方面，利用金奈米組合電極作為工作電極及導電介面電極之晶片，可以有效的提高訊噪比及分離效率。
因為利用金奈米組合電極作為工作電極及導電介面電極，不但可以有效的提高偵測訊號也可以大幅的降低雜訊，本研究利用上述所提出之晶片，來作為檢測抗癌藥物巰嘌呤(mercaptopurine)之用，本研究對於巰嘌呤之偵測極限為100 nM，並且在偵測濃度範圍從10 mM到100 nM之巰嘌呤時，所得之訊號與樣本濃度有良好的線性關係(R2=0.989)。由以上結果得知，本研究所提出之利用金奈米組合電極作為工作電極及導電介面電極之毛細管電泳電化學晶片，對於生物樣本的檢測於晶片實驗室及微全程分析系統的應用上，提供了一個良好的解決之道。
本實驗同時發展出一套整合鈀奈米電極的微流體電化學偵測系統，此系統可以用來純化樣本中的玻尿酸，達到快速且敏感的偵測血清中玻尿酸的目的。首先，對於鈀奈米組合電極的製程，本研究利用無電鍍的方式，將鈀金屬沉積於一具有奈米孔洞之聚碳酸酯(polycarbonate, PC)薄膜。本研究並利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)及能量散射光譜儀(energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, EDS)來確認鈀奈米組合電極之表面特性及組成。鈀對於氫是一種具有高催化性的材料，此外，與大系統相比，奈米材料對於氫有更好的吸收力及更低的吸收能階。本研究亦驗證鈀奈米電極對於氫有極良好的吸收儲存能力。因為鈀奈米電極吸收了溶液中大部分的氫，因此大幅增加了溶液中氫氧離子的活性，因為氫氧離子會攻擊玻尿酸中糖環上的碳氫鍵，進而產生自由基，而玻尿酸產生自由基的反應可以用電化學的方式檢測。因此增加氫氧離子的活性，便可以有效提升所量得之玻尿酸訊號。此外，本研究利用微波的方式去除血清中蛋白質對於工作電極之干擾，之後再利用靜電力的方式，來分離及純化老鼠血清中之玻尿酸。實驗結果顯示，鈀奈米電極可以有效提高訊噪比，對於玻尿酸的偵測極限為10 µg/L，並且對於偵測血清樣本中的玻尿酸濃度從0.1 g/L到10 µg/L的範圍中，有良好的線性關係，(R2=0.954)。由以上結果可知，本研究所發展的系統，可以用來快速且靈敏的分析血清中的玻尿酸。

This study presents a capillary electrophoresis PMMA-based microchip for electrochemical detection applications featuring embedded gold nanoelectrode ensemble (GNEE) working and decoupler electrodes. In fabricating the microchip, the GNEE films are pressed directly onto the metallic electrode structures using a hot embossing technique, and the microfluidic channels are then sealed using a low-temperature azeotropic solvent bonding method. The experimental results show that the GNEE working electrode provides a significantly higher signal response than that obtained from a bulk gold electrode when applied to the detection of dopamine analyte. Compared to a conventional bulk palladium decoupler electrode, the GNEE decoupler electrode reduces both the amplitude of baseline drift at higher separation voltages. When detecting a mixture of 1 mM dopamine and 1 mM catechol, the signal-to-noise ratio of the microchip with a GNEE decoupler electrode is significantly higher than that of a microchip with a conventional bulk palladium planar decoupler electrode, and hence the detection resolution is greatly enhanced.
Mercaptopurine can restrain enzymes in tumor cells for deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid syntheses. When detecting mercaptopurine sample, the used of GNEE electrodes in the capillary electrophoresis electrochemical detection (CE-ED) chip not only enhances the signal but also decreases the background noises, resulting a high detection limit of 100 nM for mercaptopurine, and showing good linear responses in the 100 nM –10 mM (R2=0.989). Overall, the results indicate that the proposed CE-ED microchip with embedded GNEE working and decoupler electrodes not only provides a fast detection method for mercaptopurine analysis but also provides an ideal solution for sample detection in Lab-on-Chip and micro total analysis applications.
This study also proposes an innovative microfluidic device for hyaluronic acid (HA) extraction and electrochemical detection utilizing a PMMA-based microchip that integrates with a palladium nanoelectrode ensemble (Pd-NEE). This work proposes a novel fabrication process to fabricate Pd-NEE using electroless deposition of Pd in a thin porous polycarbonate (PC) film for high performance electrochemical detection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are used to characterize the morphology and composition of Pd-NEE. This work also demonstrates the excellent hydrogen adsorption ability of Pd-NEE, which indirectly increase the activity of OH and resulting in the detection of a complex mixture of radicals obtained from hydrogen abstraction at nearly all the C–H bonds on the sugar ring of HA. Electrochemical measurements can detect the HA with radicals so enhancing OH activity in the aqueous solutions can also enhance the measured signals of HA. The current study first uses microwaves to decrease protein interference on the working electrode, and then uses electrostatic force to separate and extract HA in the rat serum sample. Using Pd-NEE electrodes in the microchip not only enhances the signal but also decreases background noises, resulting in a high detection limit of 10 µg/L for HA, and showing good linear responses in the concentration range of 0.1 g/L–10 µg/L (R2=0.954). The proposed microchip device provides a fast detection method for hyaluronic acid analysis.

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