本文試圖在「世界秩序（world order）」的架構下，從不同的面向，來探討1970年代以來，「新自由主義（neo-liberalism）」與「全球不平等（global inequality）」的辯證關係。所謂「新自由主義世界秩序」，是指二次戰後建立的世界秩序的最新階段，其崛起約略在1970年代，在1970與1980年代與「新現實主義」爭雄，並在1990年代開始盛行。「全球不平等」則指在這個時空背景下，全球政治、經濟、社會體系的「結構性」不平等。本文指出1970年以來的世界秩序有三個主要面向：新全球政治結構、新全球經濟體、與存在於全球各地的「社會力量（ social forces）」。在新自由主義盛行下，全球政治、經濟、社會體系的結構性不平等日益深化，也因而引發不同形式的抵抗；要逆轉這種全球不平等的深化，有賴全球社會力量由下向上作用，形成「轉變式抵抗（transformative resistance）」：這其中包括公民社會（civil society） 的再興與橫向匯聚；以及建立一個以各文明間的互相尊重、和平共處理念為基礎的多元世界（plural world）。

This paper, employing the structure of ‘ world order’, aims to explore from varying perspectives the dialectical relationships between ‘neo-liberalism’ and ‘global inequality’ from the 1970s onwards. The ‘neo-liberal world order’, which started in the 1970s and was competing with ‘neo-realism’ in the 1970 and 1980s, is the latest stage of the post-Second-World-War world order. While the ‘global inequity’ is the ‘structural’ inequality of global political, economic and social systems during this period. The world order since 1970 contains three main dimensions: New Global Political Structure, New Global Economy, and the Social Forces all over the world. Under the reign of neo-liberalism, the structural inequality of global political, economic, social systems has been intensifying; hence the rise of resistance of various forms. To counteract this deepening of global inequality, global social forces have to take the lead, working bottom up and forming a kind of ‘transformative resistance’, which entails the revival and union of civil societies, as well as establishing a plural world, based on mutual respect and peaceful cohabitation between civilizations.

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