道路標線作業涉及塗料之高溫加熱，致使整個作業過程中可能暴露在含有重金屬粒子而造成健康危害。截至目前為止，針對塗料作業勞工之個人重金屬長期暴露與健康風險評估之相關研究仍相當有限，在道路標線勞工作業危害暴露相關資料更是匱乏，使得目前對於該族群之暴露狀況難以掌握。本研究之目的乃在於瞭解道路標線勞工在進行相關作業時之重金屬暴露以及健康危害風險。
研究包含現場勞工暴露調查與塗料溢散特徵調查兩大部分。現場暴露調查中係選取一組道路標線作業勞工，並依作業內容將勞工分為倒料、劃線與清掃人員等三類。採樣時每位勞工身上皆配戴一可呼吸性粉塵採樣器(Inhalable Dust Sampler, IOM)與一個人八階採樣器(eight-stage Marple personal cascade impactor)，所獲得樣本以ICP/MS分析。溢散特徵調查部分則模擬塗料加熱作業，以IOM捕集逸散之重金屬物質，並進行重金屬依散速率調查與毒性分析。另外，本研究運用燒料過程中所得之重金屬逸散速率結合暴露模式運算，以預估現場勞工重金屬暴露量，並使用蒙地卡羅法模擬勞工長期暴露資料，最後以貝氏決策分析評估作業人員之重金屬長期暴露與健康風險。
研究結果顯示，重金屬幾何平均暴露濃度以倒料人員測得最高濃度，作業勞工之主要暴露來源應為粉體原物料以及高溫加熱塗料時所溢散出來之汙染物，並且於作業過程中重金屬物質大部分會進入呼吸系統之頭區以及肺泡區，故須留意重金屬於不同呼吸區域所造成之危害。本研究模擬塗料加熱作業過程，發現Zn及Ti在白料中有較高之溢散速率；而Cr及Pb在紅料中有較高之溢散速率。毒性試驗發現當塗料加熱溫度愈高，溢散出之汙染物樣本產生之毒性越強。此外，依據重金屬濃度評估之非致癌風險值與毒性指標具有相似分佈趨勢，當非致癌風險值大於1時相當於生物細胞造成中量毒性危害。在貝氏決策分析中，使用預測之長期重金屬暴露資料與實際暴露濃度值來評估勞工長期暴露與健康風險之分佈，倒料人員Pb之長期暴露濃度會有1.9%會超過本研究所訂定之Pb長期暴露濃度限值5 g/m3，並且非致癌風險以及致癌風險評估中也會有超過不可接受範圍之疑慮，因此進行作業時仍應注意相關之控制策略與保護措施。本研究建議倒料人員以及劃線人員作業時應配戴個人呼吸防護具如N95口罩，而加熱設備上可將熔料桶保持加蓋減少汙染物之逸散，而清掃人員可配戴一般防塵口罩以減少作業過程中之暴露。

The present study was conducted to characterize heavy metal exposures for road marking workers, and assess their health risk. In the field study, a team of workers were selected, including paint pouring worker, drawing workers, and preparing workers. Personal sampling was conducted using an IOM sampler, and an eight-stage Marple personal cascade impactor. The heavy metal concentrations were determined by using ICP/MS. In the laboratory, we simulated the heating process of road marking paint. The emission pollutants were collected using an IOM sampler. All collected air samples were analyzed by Microtox Analyzer to determine their acute toxicity. Besides, the study adopted the exposure model and metal emission rate to predict the metal concentration for the workers, and estimate the long-term exposure data and health risk for the workers by Bayesian decision analysis.
Results show that the pouring worker exposed to the highest metal concentration, and followed by the drawing workers and preparing workers. The main exposure sources were from powders of the source materials and particles emitted from the paint heating process. The fractions of metal particles exposed mainly to the head region and alveolar region. Besides, when the road marking paint is being heated, the emission rates of zinc and titanium were high in the white paint, and chromium and lead were high in the red paint. In Microtox analysis, the samples collected from red paint with high heating temperature were found with the highest toxicity, and the hazard index (HI) calculated from emitted metal concentration has a similar distribution trend with toxicity index. The long-term exposures and health risk were estimated using Bayesian decision analysis. The results showed that lead exposure rating for pouring worker were at the level 3, and the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk posed on pouring workers exceed the acceptable risk value. Hence, the control strategies (e.g., using appropriate respiratory protecting equipment) for pouring workers are needed to reduce their exposure levels.

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