白蝦（Litopenaeus vannamei）能夠生存於廣鹽性水域，為東太平洋沿海地帶常見的養殖蝦類之一。然而，近年急性肝胰腺壞死綜合症（Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease；AHPND）重創了白蝦養殖。先前研究表明：經歷過雨季的白蝦可能更容易感染 AHPND，並且發現：遭受致病性副溶血弧菌感染的白蝦其腸道菌群的多樣性會明顯降低。已知正常的腸道菌群對宿主健康扮演關鍵腳色，但在低鹽度脅迫下白蝦腸道菌群如何與致病性副溶血性弧菌應對而變化尚未釐清。
本研究欲透過低鹽度壓力處理，模擬戶外養殖池大雨後對於蝦子所造成的低鹽緊迫現象，探討低鹽度壓力對致病性的副溶血弧菌入侵白蝦腸道的時機以及相應的腸道菌群變化。本研究藉由qPCR偵測致病性副溶血弧菌感染程度，發現相較於控制組，低鹽度壓力組的蝦個體可在24小時內偵測到明顯較高的致病性副溶血弧菌。此外，藉由次世代定序技術（next generation sequencing）分析蝦腸道菌相的多樣性與結構變化，結果顯示蝦腸道菌群在經歷低鹽度壓力後12小時，多樣性相較於0小時有明顯下降（p < 0.05），並且蝦腸道菌群結構與控制組有明顯分群（p < 0.005）。本篇研究了解低鹽度壓力會造成白蝦腸道菌群的多樣性與結構有明顯的改變，並伴隨偵測到更高濃度的致病性副溶血弧菌。此發現暗示良好的鹽度控制可以減少白蝦養殖系統中腸道菌相失調和疾病爆發。

The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) that can tolerate a wide range of salinity is the most popular shrimp species in the aquaculture industry. Recently, shrimp production is seriously damaged by a newly emerging disease, called acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) that is caused by pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The AHPND outbreak has greatly impeded the development of the shrimp industry, especially in the rainy season with low salinity stress. Typically, diverse gut microbiota could prevent the invasion of potential pathogens. But during the rainy season, the decrease of aquaculture salinity disturbs the balance of shrimp gut microbiota that may result in higher chances of disease outbreaks. However, the potential effects of acute low salinity stress on shrimp gut microbiota and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus remain unclear.
My study attempts to explore how the low salinity stress affects the diversity and composition of the shrimp gut microbiota that may further enhance the successful host invasion of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp. I conducted two shrimp infection experiments with two repetitions: 1) “C”ontrol groups (the salinity stay at 20 psu with AHPND-causing 5HP Vibrio strain), 2) “S”tress groups (the salinity from 20 to 10 psu with AHPND-causing 5HP Vibrio strain), and 3) PretestT00 (pre-intervention measurements). Four shrimp individuals were sampled at each of three sampling time points (6-hpi, 12-hpi, and 24-hpi; hpi = hours post immersion); a total of 52 samples were analyzed. Real-time PCR results showed that the detected concentration of the toxin gene in the S groups were remarkably (about 10 times) higher than those of the C groups. Shrimp under low salinity stress displayed significantly lower species diversity in its gut microbiota at 12 hpi compared to that at PretestT00 (p < 0.05). The low salinity stress would alter parts of the shrimp gut microbiome in T24, with Photobacterium and other genera becoming the predominant populations. Moreover, the composition of the gut microbiota from the S groups was significantly different in contrast with that from the C groups (p < 0.01). Taken together, acute exposure to low salinity may disturbs the balance in the composition of the shrimp gut microbiota in a 24 hours, and white shrimp are more susceptible to AHPND. On this basis, well salinity control can reduce gut microbiota community dysbiosis and disease outbreaks in white shrimp farming systems.

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