摘要

本論文重新思考家務於凱薩琳．畢裘的兩本代表著作《家政專論》(A Treatise on Domestic Economy) (1841)與《美國女人的家》(The American Woman’s Home) (1869)中的呈現。本論文以畢裘奠定家政為一門女性專業的畢生目標出發，試圖論證畢裘藉由推動家政教育，系統性地及組織性地整合家務的各個面向，將家務提昇為一門知識領域，一方面開創了十九世紀的美國女性接受教育的途徑，同時將家務反轉成女性得以掌握及生產的知識，賦予女性於家務實踐中的影響力。在眾多當代的家政指南作家之中，畢裘由1820至1870年代畢生努力，一直都是作為奠定女性家政教育的先驅。《家政專論》，畢裘的第一本家政指南作品，出版的目的即是為了推動當代女子學校家政教育並提供作為家政課程的教材。此著作於後來被重新編修、重新命名而出版為《美國女性的家》，並以奠定家務為一門女性專業為再版的目的。十九世紀的美國社會經歷了兩種不同文化面向的革命：工業發展與女性形象。一方面社會與經濟的快速發展與變遷鼓動了男性於職場的能動性，另一方面，同樣的社會動能卻凝聚了一股對安定的需求，形塑了女性氣質文化 (the cult of true womanhood)，私領域的家成為女性適合安身立命的地方，家務也成為女性的專屬天職。本論文試圖指出，畢裘於《家政專論》至《美國女性的家》的改寫與更動透露了畢裘如何回應當代工業發展與女性形象之間的緊張與衝擊。尤其是在家務科技、家庭消費、與母職實踐的三個面向，本論文認為更是具體呈現了畢裘對於當代女性形象與工業發展之間的衝擊的回應。在女性與科技普遍被分開解讀與建構的當代，本論文嘗試探索畢裘如何將科學的概念吸納於她的家務指南之中，藉以提昇並建構家政為一門女性教育的專業科學。在試圖發展於《家政專論》至《美國女性的家》女性與知識的連結的同時，本論文企圖論證畢裘於家政教育的畢生努力，開創了家政為一門知識領域的先鋒。

Abstract

This dissertation reconsiders domesticity in Catharine Beecher’s A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841) and The American Woman’s Home (1869). To extend Beecher’s enterprise of founding the women’s profession of home economics, this dissertation argues that Beecher’s efforts in institutionalizing home economics as a classroom curriculum for women’s education contributed to reformulating domesticity and transforming the nineteenth-century American cult of domesticity from a power of morality to the power of knowledge. Among her peers in contemporary domestic advice authorship, Catharine Beecher was a pioneer in dedicating her lifework, spanning from the 1820s to 1870s, to women’s education in home economics. A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Beecher’s first domestic advice manual, was prepared as a textbook of home economics in female seminaries and proposed to introduce home economics into class curriculum. This volume was later revised into The American Women’s Home, which unfolds with the aim to establish home economics as a true profession for women. Nineteenth-century America witnessed revolutions in two cultural aspects: industrial development and the role of women. In an era when the possibility of rapid social progress encouraged men’s mobility in the job markets, the same social energy tended to perpetuate the cult of domesticity, positing the home as a woman’s place and home-making as a woman’s work. This dissertation examines the revisions which Beecher made when A Treatise on Domestic Economy was re-edited into The American Women’s Home. The numerous changes made serve as a window into not only Catharine Beecher’s mind, but also into the changes that were reshaping the role of women in American society. Beecher’s revisions serve as her responses to the tension between the Industrial Revolution and women’s evolving role. The revisions made to the older volume, especially those relating to household technology, domestic consumption, and a mother’s role, illustrate Beecher’s responsive reformulation of domesticity. This dissertation explores Beecher’s increasing efforts to integrate the concept of science to her guidelines of home-making, and will show how this integration helps to transform home economics into a body of knowledge for women’s education. By delineating the alignment between women and knowledge in A Treatise on Domestic Economy and The American Women’s Home, this dissertation hopes to present Beecher’s efforts to establish home economics as a knowledge base of power for women.

Works Cited
Apple, Rima D. “Liberal Arts or Vocational Training? Home Economics Education for Girls.” Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession. Eds. Sarah Stage and Virginia B. Vincenti. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 1997.79-95.
－－－. “Constructing Mothers: Scientific Motherhood in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Social History of Medicine 8.2 (1995): 161-178.
－－－. “Science Gendered: Nutrition in the United States, 1840-1940.” Forum 10.1 (1995): 11-34.
Arditi, Jorge. “The Feminization of Etiquette Literature: Foucault, Mechanisms of Social Change, and the Paradoxes of Empowerment.” Sociological Perspectives 39.3 (1996): 417-434.
Barker, Drucilla K. “Beyond Women and Economics: Rereading ‘Women's Work’.” Signs 30.4 (2005): 2189-2209.
Beau, Bryan F. Le. “Art in the Parlor: Consumer Culture and Currier and Ives.” The Journal of American Culture 30.1 (2007): 18-37.
Beecher, Catharine Esther. A Treatise on Domestic Economy. New York: Harper &
Brothers, 1841.
－－－ and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The American Woman’s Home. New York: J. B. Ford, 1869.
－－－. Woman Suffrage and Woman’s Profession. Hartford: Brown & Gross, 1871.
Biester, Charlotte Elizabeth. Catharine Beecher and Her Contributions to Home Economics. Diss. Colorado State College of Education P, 1950.
Bose, Christine. “Technology and Changes in the Division of Labor in the American Home.” Women's Studies International Quarterly 2.3 (1979): 295-304.
Bose, C., Bereano, P. and Malloy, M. “Household Technology and the Social Construction of Housework.” Technology and Culture 25 (1984): 53-82.
Boydston, Jeanne, Mary Kelley, and Anne Throne Margolis. The Limits of Sisterhood: The Beecher Sisters on Women’s Rights and Women’s Sphere. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1988.
Burstyn, Joan N. “Catharine Beecher and the Education of American Women.” New England Quarterly 47 (1974): 386-403.
Chandler, Linda Lee. Keeping Home: Another Look at Domesticity in Antebellum America. Diss. U of California, Berkeley, 2011. Ann Arbor: UMI, 2012. 3498788.
Child, Lydia Maria. The Mother’s Book. Boston: Carter, Hendee, and Babcock, 1831.
－－－. The Family Nurse. Or Companion of The American Frugal Housewife. Boston: Charles J. Hendee, 1831.
－－－. The American Frugal Housewife. 9th. ed. London: T. T. and J. Tegg, 1832.
Clark, Clifford, E. Jr. “Domestic Architecture as an Index to Social History: The Romantic Revival and the Cult of Domesticity in America, 1840-1870.” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7.1 (1976): 33-56.
Cott, Nancy F. The Bonds of Womanhood: “Woman’s Sphere” in New England, 1780-1835. New Haven and London: Yale UP, 1977.
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz. “The ‘Industrial Revolution’ in the Home: Household Technology and Social Change in the 20th Century.” Technology and Culture 17.1 (1976): 1-23.
－－－. “The Invention of Housework: The Early Stages of Industrialization.” More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave. New York: Basic Books, 1983. 40-68.
Degler, Carl. At Odds: Women and the Family in America From the Revolution to the Present. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1980.
Douglas, Ann. The Feminization of American Culture. London: Papermac, 1996.
Easton, Barbara. “Industrialization and Femininity: A Case Study of Nineteenth Century New England.” Social Problems 23.4 (1976): 389-401.
Elias, Megan. J. Stir it Up: Home Economics in American Culture. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2008.
Engler, Mira. “Repulsive Matter: Landscape of Waste in the American Middle-Class Residential Domain.” Landscape Journal 16.1 (1997): 60-79.
Enoch, Jessica. “A Woman’s Place Is in the School: Rhetorics of Gendered Space in Nineteenth-Century America.” College English 70.3 (2008): 275-295.
Frank, Lisa Tendrich. Women in the American Civil War. Volume 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2008.
Gardner, Catherine Villanueva. “Heaven-Appointed Educators of Mind: Catharine Beecher and the Moral Power of Women.” Hypatia 19.2 (2004): 1-16.
Gill, Valerie. "Catherine Beecher and Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Architects of Female Power." Journal of American Culture 21.2 (1998): 17-24.
Gordon, Beverly. “Victorian Fancywork in the American Home: Fantasy and Accommodation.” Making the American Home: Middle-class Women & Domestic Material Culture, 1840-1940. By Marilyn Ferris Motz and Pat Browne Bowling. Ohio: Green State U Popular P, 1988. 48-68.
Gordon, Jean and Jan McArthur. “American Women and Domestic Consumption, 1800-1920: Four Interpretive Themes.” Making the American Home: Middle-class Women & Domestic Material Culture, 1840-1940. By Marilyn Ferris Motz and Pat Browne Bowling. Ohio: Green State U Popular P, 1988. 27-47.
Green, Harvey. The Light of the Home: An Intimate View of the Lives of Women in Victorian America. New York: Pantheon Books, 1983.
Hale, Sarah Josepha. The Good Housekeeper. Boston: Weeks, Jordan and Company, 1839.
－－－. “Women’s Mission Ground.” Godey’s Lady’s Book and Ladies’ American Magazine. V.21. eds. Sarah J. Hale and Lydia H. Sigourney. Philadelphia: Louis A. Godey, 1840.
－－－. Early American Cookery: The Good Housekeeper. New York: Dover Publications, 1841.
－－－. The New Household Receipt Book. New York: H. Long and Brother, 1853.
－－－. Modern Household Cookery. London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1854.
－－－. Manners; or, Happy Homes and Good Society All the Year Round. Boston: J. E. Tilton and Company, 1868.
Hoeller, Hildegard. “Hunger, Panic, Refusal: The Gift Food in Susan Warner’s The Wide, Wide World.” Culinary Aesthetics and Practices in Nineteenth-Century American Literature. Eds. Monika Elbert and Marie Drews. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009. 173-188.
Hoy, Suellen. Chasing Dirt: The American Pursuit of Cleanliness. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1995.
Jackson, Stevi. “Towards a Historical Sociology of Housework: A Materialist Feminist Analysis.” Women's Studies International Forum 15.2 (1992): 153–172.
Karcher, Carolyn L. The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child. Durham and London: Duke UP, 1994.
Kleinberg, S. J. “Gendered Space: Housing, Privacy and Domesticity in the Nineteenth-Century United States.” Domestic Space—Reading the Nineteen-Century Interior. Eds. Inga Bryden and Janet Floyd. Manchester and New York: Manchester UP, 1999. 142-161.
Leavitt, Sarah Abigail. From Catharine Beecher to Martha Stewart: A Cultural History of Domestic Advice. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2002.
Levenstein, Harvey. “New England Kitchen and the Origins of Modern American Eating Habits.” American Quarterly 32.4 (1980): 369-386.
Longone, Janice Bluesten. “Introduction.” The American Frugal Housewife. By Lydia Maria Child. Ann Arbor: The Wine and Food Library, 1998.
Lynch, Fredric, C. “Civil War Soldiers Made Coffee America’s Drink.” D. Landreth Seed Company. (Nov. 2010): n. pag. D. Landreth Seed Company. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.
Matthews, Glenna. Just a Housewife: The Rise and Fall of Domesticity in America. New York and Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987.
McGaw, Judith A. “Women and the History of American Technology.” Signs 7.4 (1982): 798-828.
－－－. “Reconceiving Technology: Why Feminine Technologies Matter.” Gender and Archaeology. Edited by Rita P. Wright. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1996. 52-75.
McHugh, Kathleen Anne. “Making Home, Making Nation: Catharine Beecher’s Domestic Economic.” American Domesticity: From How-to Manual to Hollywood Melodrama. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. 35-59.
Merish, Lori. Sentimental Materialism. Durham and London: Duke UP, 2000.
Mokyr, Joel. “Why Was There More Work for Mother? Knowledge and Household Behavior, 1870-1945.” The Journal of Economic History 60.1 (2000): 1-41.
Ogden, Annegret S. The Great American Housewife: From Helpmate to Wage Earner, 1776-1986. Westport & Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1986.
Ogle, Maureen. “Domestic Reform and American Household Plumbing, 1840-1870.” Winterthur Porfolio 28.1 (1993): 33-58.
Plante, Ellen M. “The Early Victorian Kitchen 1840~1869.” The American Kitchen 1700 to the Present. New York: Facts On File. 1995. 36-83.
Riley, Glenda Gates. “The Subtle Subversion: Changes in the Traditionalist Image of the American Woman.” Historian 22.2 (1970): 210-227.
Roberts, Erie M. “Architecture of the Millennium: Catharine Beecher, Domestic Economy, and Social Reform.” Constructing the Past 7.1 (2006): 4-17.
Romero, Lora. Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States. Durham: Duke UP, 1997.
Rotundo, E. Anthony. American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
Rutherford, Janice Williams. Selling Mrs. Consumer: Christine Fredercik and the Rise of Household Efficiency. Athens, Georgia: U of Georgia P, 2003.
Ryan, Mary P. American Society and the Cult of Domesticity, 1830-1860. Diss. University of California, Santa Barbara, 1971.
－－－. The Empire of the Mother: American Writing about Domesticity,
1830-1860. New York: Harrington Park Press, c1985.
Robbins, Sarah. “‘The Future Good and Great of Our Land’: Republican Mothers, Female Authors, and Domesticated Literacy in Antebellum New England.” The New England Quarterly 75.4 (2002): 562-591.
Schuyler, David. “Inventing a Feminine Past.” The New England Quarterly 51.3 (1978): 291-308.
Searle, Thomas. A Companion to the Season of Maternal Solicitude. New York: Moore & Payne, 1834.
Sigourney, Lydia H. Letters to Mothers. Hartford: Hudson and Skinner, 1838.
Sklar, Kathryn Kish. Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity. New Haven & London: Yale UP, 1973.
Strasser, Susan. Never Done: A History of American Housework. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1982.
Tate, Mildred Thurow. Home Economics as a Profession. New York: McGraw-hill Book Company, 1961.
Theriot, Nancy M. Mothers and Daughters in Nineteenth-century America: The Biosocial Construction of Femininity. New York: UP of Kentucky, 1996.
Thrall, Charles A. “The Conservative Use of Modern Household Technology.” Technology and Culture 23.2 (1982): 175-194.
Vertinsky, Patricia. “Sexual Equality and the Legacy of Catharine Beecher.” Journal of Sport History 6.1 (1979): 38-49.
Quigley, Eileen Elliott. Introduction to Home Economics. New York: Macmillan, 1969.
Williams, Susan. “Introduction.” Dining in America, 1850-1900. Ed. Kathryn Grover. Amherst: U of Massachusetts, 1987. 1-12.
Wajcman, Judy. Feminism Confronts Technology. Cornwall: Policy Press, 1991.
－－－. “Reflections on Gender and Technology Studies: In What State is the Art?” Social Studies of Science 30.3 (2000): 447-464.
Witkowski, Terrence, H. “The Early Development of Purchasing Roles in the American Household, 1750 to 1840.” Journal of Macromarketing 19.2 (1999): 104-114.
Zukin, Sharon and Jennifer Smith Maguire. “Consumers and Consumption.” Annual Review of Sociology 30 (2004): 173-197.