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研究生： 阮氏垂
Nguyen, Thi-Thuy
論文名稱： 銫原子系統中的多光子效應
Multi-photon processes in the atomic system of cesium
指導教授： 蔡錦俊
Tsai, Chin-Chun
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 理學院 - 物理學系
Department of Physics
論文出版年： 2022
畢業學年度： 110
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 118
中文關鍵詞： 多光子系統 、電磁誘導透明 、光泵浦效應 、四波混頻 、修飾態圖像
外文關鍵詞： Multi-Photon system, electromagnetically induced transparency, , optical pumping effect, four-wave mixing, dressed state picture
相關次數： 點閱：61  下載：9 
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    • 多光子系統中原子-光相互作用帶來了非常有趣的現象，由此發展成為研究原子結構的基本特性、非線性光學的產生和量子光學操縱的技術，在未來量子信息世界中具有潛在的應用。其中，所謂的電磁誘導透明（Electromagnetically induced transparency, EIT）的量子干涉已為上述應用提供關鍵技術的基石。在本論文中，我們關注具有兩個或三個光子源的多能級系統中，光與原子相互作用光譜的基本性質。本論文的第一項工作研究了銫原子中梯型電磁誘導透明的極化依賴性，在實驗中，兩個外加場的偏振態以不同的相對角度對齊，用以觀測獲得光譜的相對應變化，結果說明了施加外場的偏振所導致誘導透明的相對強度比發生顯著變化，實驗結果顯示因為兩個外加場的偏振從平行變為垂直，其相對應的峰高比(以44'4峰高為歸一化)得到I_(45'4”/44'4")≈2和 I_(44'3"/44'4)≈7.4 。在考慮到光泵浦效應、雙光子躍遷概率、相位飄移率、拉比頻率隨偏振變化以及速度貢獻的變因時，數值模擬證實了實驗結果並得到了很好的解釋。繼續的工作是基於第一個模擬實驗的擴展，其中以三個外加光場應用於四階原子能級，形成Ξ-V態的四波混頻（Four wave mixing, FWM）配置。我們使用密度矩陣方法來執行理論模擬，用以描述該系統的相互作用和產成四波混頻信號的特徵。在弱探測場近似中的三光子共振條件和修飾態圖像下共同建立了一組方程，可用於解釋產生四波混頻信號的基本特性，例如以不同雷射掃描方案之間的差異、估計共振原子能譜的位置、峰形和強度。當兩個外加場的拉比頻率接近相等時，可以獲得最佳的四波混頻信號，在計算中還觀測到由偏離共振所引起四波混頻訊號的增強。為了清楚起見，進一步討論了熱蒸汽中原子速度分佈的平均貢獻和相鄰超精細態間的躍遷，其效果是信號被抑制或是產生可忽略不計的貢獻。

    Atom-light interactions in multi-photon system bring about enormously interesting phenomena, which in turn develop into techniques for studying fundamental properties of the atomic structure, the generation of nonlinear optics, and optical-quantum manipulation for potential applications in the future quantum information world. Among them, the quantum interference of the so-called electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has become a key technique that paves the way for the above applications. In this dissertation, we focus on the fundamental properties of the spectra of light-atom interactions in a multiple-level system with two- and three-photon sources. Our first work studies the polarization dependence of the ladder-type EIT in the Cs atom. In this experiment, the polarization plane of the two applied fields is aligned at different relative angles to observe the corresponding change in the obtained spectra. The results reveal that the polarization of the applied fields causes a prominent change in relative intensity ratios. We observe the peak height ratio (normalized to 44'4" peak height) of I_(45'4”/44'4")≈2 and I_(44'3"/44'4)≈7.4 as the two polarization change from parallel to perpendicular. The experimental results are confirmed by the simulation and well explained when taking into account the optical pumping effect, two-photon transition probability, dephasing rate, the change in Rabi frequency as polarization change as well as the velocity contribution. The consecutive work is based on the extension of the first one where three optical fields are applied to a four-level atom, forming a Ξ−V four-wave mixing (FWM) configuration. We perform a theoretical model using the density matrix approach to describe the interaction of this system and the characteristics of the generated FWM signal. The three-photon resonance condition and the dressed state picture in the weak probe field approximation together establish a set of equations that is useful in explaining most of the properties of the generated FWM signal, such as the differences between laser scanning schemes, estimation of resonance positions, peak shape and peak intensity for the stationary atoms. The optimal FWM signal is obtained when the two applied Rabi frequencies are closely equal. A detuning-caused enhancement of FWM is also observed in the calculation. The discussion of FWM in thermal vapor with velocity averaging and neighboring hyperfine transition are included for clarity although they either suppress the signal or create negligible contributions.

    摘要 i Abstract ii Acknowledgments iv Contents vi List of Figures ix List of Tables xv List of Symbols and Abbreviations xvi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of light-matter interaction properties and applications 1 1.2 The key technique-EIT 2 1.2.1 Research motivations. 2 1.2.2 EIT definition and explanations 3 1.3 Overview of dissertation 6 Chapter 2 Theoretical description of light-atom interaction 9 2.1 Two-level atom in classical point of view 9 2.1.1 The classical model of driven damped oscillator 9 2.1.2 Light-atom interaction in relation to classical model of a driven damped oscillator 10 2.2 Two-level atom in quantum mechanics 15 2.2.1 The equivalent transformation between representations (pictures) 16 2.2.2 Density matrix approach 18 2.2.3 Time development of density operator and the Optical Bloch equation 21 2.2.4 Doppler effect on two-level system 32 2.3 Three-level atom and EIT 34 2.3.1 Density matrix approach and optical Bloch equations for EIT 35 2.3.2 Basic EIT characteristics as a function of parameters 40 2.3.3 Doppler effect on EIT 43 2.3.4 Optical pumping effect 48 2.3.5 Summary of basics EIT in the simple three-level system 51 Chapter 3 Observation on polarization dependence of Electromagnetically induced transparency in 133Cs 6S1/2-6P3/2-11S1/2 52 3.1 Introduction and Motivation 52 3.2 Experimental setup 53 3.2.1 Atomic energy configuration 53 3.2.2 Experimental setup 54 3.3 Theoretical Simulation 56 3.3.1 Estimation of relative peak position 56 3.3.2 Rabi frequency and transition probability calculation 57 3.3.3 Light polarization, two-photon transition probability, and optical pumping effect on EIT 58 3.4 Results and discussion 62 Chapter 4 Four-wave mixing involving Ξ−V system 67 4.1 Introduction and Motivation 67 4.2 Theoretical model of EIT-based FWM in Ξ –V configuration. 68 4.2.1 OBE in a four-level system 68 4.2.2 Dressed state picture in the Ξ -V type FWM 73 4.3 Results and discussion 75 4.3.1 FWM signal in different laser scanning schemes 75 4.3.2 Rabi frequency dependence 79 4.3.3 Frequency detuning dependence 82 4.3.4 Doppler effect on FWM signal 84 4.4 Summary and suggested experimental setup 87 Chapter 5 Conclusion 90 References 92 Appendix A 98 Derivation of the relaxation term in optical Bloch equation 98 Appendix B 102 Simulation program in Wolfram Mathematica 102 B1 C-J coefficient, Rabi frequency and optical pumping calculations 102 B2 EIT calculations 113 B3 FWM calculations 117

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