研究背景與目的：阿茲海默症(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)患者伴隨妄想症狀的比例相當高，它們會讓個案產生更多的不適感，也是照顧者壓力的主要來源。故阿茲海默症之妄想症狀值得關注。「妄想」是一種固著、堅信而無法撼動的錯誤想法。「心智理論」(Theory of Mind, ToM) 是一種可理解、表徵他人的心理狀態，解釋、預測他人行為的能力，包含初級錯誤信念 (First-order false belief) -了解他人與自己有不同信念以及次級錯誤信念 (Second-order false belief) - 正確了解A對B的想法，能考量他人如何看待第三者。此能力的缺損就會造成推論或歸因的偏差。Frith在1992年的研究指出：有妄想症狀的精神分裂症患者較無妄想症狀的患者在心智理論能力上有明顯缺陷。雖然許多研究已經都已普遍支持精神分裂症、失智症、阿茲海默症等疾病的患者確有明顯的心智理論缺陷。到目前為止，妄想症狀與心智理論能力特定的關聯，尚未得到一致的結果。因此，本研究的目的在了解輕度阿茲海默智症患者的妄想症狀有無與心智理論之間的關係。研究假設患有妄想症狀的患者，其心智理論能力也較無妄想症狀的患者來得差。另外，有的學者認為心智理論能力與認知功能有關，有的則認為二者是屬獨立的系統而沒有關聯，因此本研究的另一個目的在了解輕度阿茲海默症患者的心智理論能力表現與認知功能之間的關聯。
研究方法：本研究選取共29名輕度失智未合併妄想症狀的阿茲海默症患者、30名輕度失智的阿茲海默症合併妄想症狀患者、29名健康老年人，比較三組心智理論能力 (包含初級錯誤信念及次級錯誤信念) 以及認知功能 (包含語文工作記憶、非語文工作記憶以及執行功能) 的表現。
結果：三組受試者在初級錯誤信念表現沒有顯著差異。合併妄想症狀的輕度阿茲海默症患者的次級錯誤信念測驗表現顯著較未合併妄想症狀患者差，二組表現都顯著比正常組差。妄想組與非妄想組在部分認知功能作業上達顯著差異。二組不同的心智理論能力分作業也分別與不同的認知功能作業有其特定的相關。
討論：本研究支持輕度阿茲海默症患者的妄想症狀與心智理論能力的缺陷有顯著的關係，此能力的缺損造成推論或歸因的偏差，可能與妄想症狀有關。另外，合併妄想症狀及未合併妄想症狀的輕度阿茲海默症患者，其心智理論能力與認知功能之間有不同型態的相關聯。主要的學術貢獻是提供病因機制探討的新觀點，希望未來可以臨床上作為治療的理論基礎。

Background: For a number of years now, symptoms such as delusions have been known to occur in Alzheimer’s disease patients (AD). However, they have received much less attention than the cognitive impairment of AD. Behavioral changes, such as delusions, cause the greatest stress to the patients and their caregivers yet are often treatable. They indicate subtypes of AD, and shed light on the neuropathology of the disease and its symptoms. Theory of Mind (ToM) involves a person’s ability to infer what another person knows, thus taking his or her perspective. Frith (1992) proposed a theory concerning a specific relationship between impaired theory of mind and paranoid delusions. Initial evidence has been presented for a theory of mind impairment in individuals with schizophrenia, AD and some other forms of dementia. Specific correlations between impaired theory of mind and delusions has been demonstrated in schizophrenic patients. However, theory of mind has not been investigated in AD patients with delusional conditions. The specific relationship between impaired theory of mind and AD with delusions has not yet been demonstrated. The purpose of present research is to examine the relationship between ability of theory of mind in mild AD patients with and without delusions. And additionally, whether cognitive functions are related to theory of mind deficits.
Methods: First and second-order false belief tasks were examined in 30 delusional AD patients, 29 non-delusional AD patients and 30 healthy controls. Extensive neuropsychological assessments were also conducted.
Results: Mild AD patients that suffer from delusions performed significantly poorer than those patients without delusions and the healthy elderly subjects (in second-order false belief tasks), retrieval and ineffective reminder subscores in verbal and nonverbal working memory tasks, as well as correctness, perseverative responses and perseverative errors in WCST-64. Different patterns of correlation between ToM and cognitive function tasks were also observed.
Discussion: Current study has presented some evidence for a specific theory of mind impairment in AD participants with delusions. The confirmation of the association among working memory, executive function and theory of mind ability is also demonstrated. This may provide a greater insight into the abilities of social cognition, and may answer whether delusional symptoms frequently found in AD patients are related to deficits in theory of mind. It may reflect a new perspective of the pathology of delusion symptoms in AD.

Alexopoulos, G. S., Abrams, R. C., Young, R. C., & Shamoian, C. A. (1988). Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Biol Psychiatry, 23(3), 271-284.
Alzheimer, A. (1977). A unique illness involving the cerebral cortex: A case report from the mental institution in Frankfurt am Main. In Rottenberg & F. H. Hochberg (Eds.), Neurological classics in modern traslation (pp. 41-44). New York: Hafner.
APA (1994). DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Avis, J., & Harris, P. (1991). Belief-desire reasoning among Baka children: evidence for a universal conception of mind. Child Development, 62, 460-467.
Ballard, C., & Oyebode, F. (1995). Psychotic symptoms in patients with dementia. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 10(9), 743-752.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1988). Social and pragmatic deficits in autism: cognitive or affective? J Autism Dev Disord, 18(3), 379-402.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1991). The theory of mind deficit in autism: How specific is it? British journal of developmental psychology, 9, 301-314.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or asperger syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 38(7), 813-822.
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A., & Frith, U. (1986). Mechanical, behavioural and intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Development Psychology, 4, 113-125.
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition, 21(1), 37-46.
Baron-Cohen, S., O'Riordan, M., Stone, V., Jones, R., & Plaisted, K. (1999). Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord, 29(5), 407-418.
Baron-Cohen, S., & Ring, H. A. (1994). The relationship between perspectives. In P. Mitchel & C. Lewis (Eds.), Origins of an understanding of mind (pp. 183-207). Hove, England: Erlbaum.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251.
Becker, D., Hershkowitz, M., Maidler, N., Rabinowitz, M., & Floru, S. (1994). Psychopathology and cognitive decline in dementia. J Nerv Ment Dis, 182(12), 701-703.
Bentall, R. P., & Kinderman, P. (1998). Psychological processes and delusional beliefs: implications for the treatment of paranoid states. In S. Lewis, N. Tarrier & T. Wykes (Eds.), Outcome and Innovation in Psychological Treatment of Schizophrenia (pp. 119-144.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Berrios, G. E. (1989). Non-cognitive symptoms and the diagnosis of dementia. Historical and clinical aspects. Br J Psychiatry Suppl(4), 11-16.
Binetti, G., Bianchetti, A., Padovani, A., Lenzi, G., De Leo, D., & Trabucchi, M. (1993). Delusions in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Acta Neurol Scand, 88(1), 5-9.
Brune, M., & Brune-Cohrs, U. (2006). Theory of mind--evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 30(4), 437-455.
Buitelaar, J. K., van der Wees, M., Swaab-Barneveld, H., & van der Gaag, R. J. (1999). Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Dev Psychopathol, 11(1), 39-58.
Burns, A., Jacoby, R., & Levy, R. (1990). Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. I: Disorders of thought content. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 72-76.
Butler, R. W., & Braff, D. L. (1991). Delusions: A Review and Integration. Schizophr Bull, 17(4), 633-647.
Charlton, B. G., & McClelland, H. A. (1999). Theory of mind and the delusional disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis, 187(6), 380-383.
Corcoran, R., & Frith, C. D. (1996). Conversational conduct and the symptoms of schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1, 305-318.
Craig, J. S., Hatton, C., Craig, F. B., & Bentall, R. P. (2004). Persecutory beliefs, attributions and theory of mind: comparison of patients with paranoid delusions, Asperger's syndrome and healthy controls. Schizophr Res, 69(1), 29-33.
Cuerva, A. G., Sabe, L., Kuzis, G., Tiberti, C., Dorrego, F., & Starkstein, S. E. (2001). Theory of mind and pragmatic abilities in dementia. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol, 14(3), 153-158.
Cummings, J. L. (1985). Organic delusions: phenomenology, anatomical correlations, and review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 184-197.
Cummings, J. L. (1992). Psychosis in neurologic disease : neurobiology and pathogenesis. Neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology and behavioral neurology, 5(2), 144-150
Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A., & Gornbein, J. (1994). The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 44(12), 2308-2314.
Cummings, J. L., & Victoroff, J. I. (1990). Noncognitive Neuropsychiatric Syndromes in Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology Summer, 3(2), 140-158.
Cutting, J. (1987). The phenomenology of acute organic psychosis. Comparison with acute schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 324-332.
Davies, M., & Stone, T. (1995). Mental Simulations: Evaluations and Applications. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Dennett, D. (1978). Beliefs about beliefs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 568-570.
Deutsch, L. H., Bylsma, F. W., Rovner, B. W., Steele, C., & Folstein, M. F. (1991). Psychosis and physical aggression in probable Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry, 148(9), 1159-1163.
Drevets, W. C., & Rubin, E. H. (1989). Psychotic symptoms and the longitudinal course of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Biol Psychiatry, 25(1), 39-48.
Flavell, J. H. (1999). Cognitive development: children's knowledge about the mind. Annu Rev Psychol, 50, 21-45.
Fletcher, P. C., Happe, F., Frith, U., Baker, S. C., Dolan, R. J., Frackowiak, R. S., et al. (1995). Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of "theory of mind" in story comprehension. Cognition, 57(2), 109-128.
Fodor, J. (1983). The Modularity of Mind Cambridge: MIT Press.
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res, 12(3), 189-198.
Frith, C. D. (1992). The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Frith, C. D., & Corcoran, R. (1996). Exploring 'theory of mind' in people with schizophrenia. Psychol Med, 26(3), 521-530.
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (1999). Interacting minds--a biological basis. Science, 286(5445), 1692-1695.
Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D., & Palfai, T. (1995). Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning. Cognitive Development, 10(4), 483-527.
Fuld, P. A. (1982). Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation. Illinois: Stoelting Co.
Goel, V., Grafman, J., Sadato, N., & Hallett, M. (1995). Modeling other minds. Neuroreport, 6(13), 1741-1746.
Gopnik, A., Capps, L., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2000). Early theories of mind: what the theory theory can tell us about autism. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism and developmental cognitive neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gopnik, A., & Wellman, H. M. (1994). The theory theory. In L. A. Hirschfield & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Greene, J. G., Smith, R., Gardiner, M., & Timbury, G. C. (1982). Measuring behavioural disturbance of elderly demented patients in the community and its effects on relatives: a factor analytic study. Age Ageing, 11(2), 121-126.
Gregory, C., & Hodges, J. (1996). Frontotemporal dementia: use of consensus criteria and prevalence of psychiatric features. Neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology and behavioral neurology, 9, 145-153.
Gregory, C., Lough, S., Stone, V., Erzinclioglu, S., Martin, L., Baron-Cohen, S., et al. (2002). Theory of mind in patients with frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: theoretical and practical implications. Brain, 125(4), 752-764.
Guo, N. W., Liu, H. C., Wong, P. F., Liao, K. K., Yan, S. H., Lin, K. P., et al. (1988). Chinese version and norms of the Mini-Mental State Examination. J Chin Rehabil Med, 16, 52-59.
Happe, F. G. E. (1993). Communicative competence and theory of mind in autism: A test of relevance theory. Cognition, 48(2), 101-119.
Happe, F. G. E. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(2), 129-154.
Happe, F. G. E., Winner, E., & Brownell, H. (1998). The getting of wisdom: theory of mind in old age. Dev Psychol, 34(2), 358-362.
Haupt, M., Romero, B., & Kurz, A. (1996). Delusions and hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease: Results from a two year longitudinal study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 965-972.
Heaton, S. K., Chelune, G. J., & Talley, J. L. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual, revised and expanded. Odessa, TX: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hughes, C. (1998). Finding your marbles: does preschoolers' strategic behavior predict later understanding of mind? Dev Psychol, 34(6), 1326-1339.
Hughes, C., Russell, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1994). Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism. Neuropsychologia, 32(4), 477-492.
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W. L., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982). A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 566-572.
Hwang, J. P., Yang, C. H., Tsai, S. J., & Liu, K. M. (1996). Psychotic symptoms in psychiatric inpatients with dementia of the Alzheimer and vascular type. Chinese Medical Journal, 58, 35-39.
Jacobs, L. I. (1980). A cognitive approach to persistent delusions. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 4, 556-563.
Jeste, D. V., Wragg, R. E., Salmon, D. P., Harris, M. J., & Thal, L. J. (1992). Cognitive deficits of patients with Alzheimer's disease with and without delusions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(2), 184-189.
Jin, Y., Jing, J., Morinaga, R., Su, X., & Chen, X. (2002). A comparative study of theory of mind in Chinese and Japanese children. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 16(7), 446-448.
Kaney, S., & Bentall, R. P. (1989). Persecutory delusions and attributional style. Br J Med Psychol, 62 ( Pt 2), 191-198.
Karmiloff-Smith, A., Klima, E., Bellugi, U., Grant, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Is there a social module? language, face processing, and theory of mind in individuals with williams syndrome. J. Cognitive Neuroscience, 7(2), 196-208.
Knox, H. A. (1914). A scale based on the work at Ellis Island for estimating mental defect Journal of American Medical Association, 62, 741-747.
Kongs, S. K., Thompson, L. L., Iverson, G. L., Heaton, R. K., & (2000). WCST-64: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Card Version. Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Korner, A., Lauritzen, L., Abelskov, K., Gulmann, N., Marie Brodersen, A., Wedervang-Jensen, T., et al. (2006). The Geriatric Depression Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. A validity study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60(5), 360-364.
La Rue, A., Romero, L. J., Ortiz, I. E., Liang, H. C., & Lindeman, R. D. (1999). Neuropsychological performance of Hispanic and non-Hispanic older adults: an epidemiologic survey. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13(4), 474-486.
Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretence and representation: The origins of ‘theory of mind’. Psychological Review, 94, 412-426.
Leslie, A. M., & Roth, D. (1993). What autism teaches us about metarepresentation. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds: perspectives from autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leslie, A. M., & Thaiss, L. (1992). Domain specificity in conceptual development: neuropsychological evidence from autism. Cognition, 43(3), 225-251.
Lin, K. N., & Liu, H. C. (2003). Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Chinese Version. Acta Neurologica Taiwanica, 12(3), 154-165.
Lin, K. N., Wang, P. N., Liu, C. Y., Chen, W. T., Lee, Y. C., Liu, H. C., et al. (2002). Cutoff scores of the cognitive abilities screening instrument, Chinese version in screening of dementia. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 14(4), 176-182.
Liu, C. Y., Fuh, J. L., Wang, S. J., Wang, P. N., & Liu, H. C. (1999). Behavior disorders of dementia. Paper presented at the Chinese Psychiatry Conference, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Liu, C. Y., & Liu, H. C. (2000). Noncognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Research in applied psychology, 7-8, 89-103.
Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Brenner, R. P., Rosen, J., Bajulaiye, O. I., & Reynolds, C. F. (1991). Alzheimer's disease with delusions and hallucinations: neuropsychological and electroencephalographic correlates. Neurology, 41(6), 906-912.
Love, J. M., Greve, K. W., Sherwin, E., Mathias, C., Love, J. M., Greve, K. W., et al. (2003). Comparability of the standard WCST and WCST-64 in traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology, 10(4), 246-251.
Mast, B. T., Fitzgerald, J., Steinberg, J., MacNeill, S. E., & Lichtenberg, P. A. (2001). Effective screening for Alzheimer's disease among older African Americans. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15(2), 196-202.
Mattson, A. J., & Levin, H. S. (1990). Frontal lobe dysfunction following closed head injury. A review of the literature. J Nerv Ment Dis, 178(5), 282-291.
McHugh, P. R., & Slavney, P. R. (1986). The Perspectives of Psychiatry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Migliorelli, R., Petracca, G., Teson, A., Sabe, L., Leiguarda, R., & Starkstein, S. E. (1995). Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological correlates of delusions in Alzheimer's disease. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Psychological Medicine, 25(3), 505-513.
Morris, J. C. (1993). The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules. Neurology, 43(11), 2412-2414.
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991). Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: relationship to theory of mind. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 32(7), 1081-1105.
Paolo, A. M., Axelrod, B. N., Troster, A. I., Blackwell, K. T., & Koller, W. C. (1996). Utility of a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test short form in persons with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 892-897.
Perner, J., & Wimmer, H. (1985). "John thinks that Mary thinks that..." attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39(3), 437-471.
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a 'theory of mind'? TheBehavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 515-526.
Procter, A. W., Lowe, S. L., Palmer, A. M., Francis, P. T., Esiri, M. M., Stratmann, G. C., et al. (1988). Topographical distribution of neurochemical changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci, 84(2-3), 125-140.
Rao, V., & Lyketsos, C. G. (1998). Delusions in Alzheimer's disease: a review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 10(4), 373-382.
Reisberg, B., Borenstein, J., Salob, S. P., Ferris, S. H., Franssen, E., & Georgotas, A. (1987). Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48 Suppl, 9-15.
Richardson, J. T., & Richardson, J. T. E. (2005). Knox's cube imitation test: a historical review and an experimental analysis. Brain & Cognition, 59(2), 183-213.
Rosen, J., & Zubenko, G. S. (1991). Emergence of psychosis and depression in the longitudinal evaluation of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry, 29(3), 224-232.
Rowe, A. D., Bullock, P. R., Polkey, C. E., & Morris, R. G. (2001). "Theory of mind" impairments and their relationship to executive functioning following frontal lobe excisions. Brain, 124(3), 600-616.
Ruberg, M., Javoy-Agid, F., Hirsch, E., Scatton, B., R, L. H., Hauw, J. J., et al. (1985). Dopaminergic and cholinergic lesions in progressive supranuclear palsy. Annals of Neurology, 18(5), 523-529.
Rubin, E. H. (1992). Delusions as part of Alzheimer's disease : Psychosis in neurologic diseases. Neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology and behavioral neurology 5(2), 108-113.
Scholl, B. J., & Leslie, A. (1999). Modularity, development and ‘theory of mind’. Mind and Language, 14, 131-153.
Sherer, M., Nick, T. G., Millis, S. R., Novack, T. A., Sherer, M., Nick, T. G., et al. (2003). Use of the WCST and the WCST-64 in the assessment of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology: Official Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 25(4), 512-520.
Starkstein, S. E., Vazquez, S., Petracca, G., Sabe, L., Migliorelli, R., Teson, A., et al. (1994). A SPECT study of delusions in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 44(11), 2055-2059.
Steerneman, P., Jackson, S., Pelzer, H., & Muris, P. (1996). Children with Social Handicaps: An Intervention Programme Using a Theory of Mind Approach. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1(2), 251-263.
Stern, Y., Mayeux, R., Sano, M., Hauser, W. A., & Bush, T. (1987). Predictors of disease course in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 37(10), 1649-1653.
Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, R. T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. J Cogn Neurosci, 10(5), 640-656.
Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. (1986). The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press.
Stuss, D. T., Gallup, G. G., Jr., & Alexander, M. P. (2001). The frontal lobes are necessary for 'theory of mind'. Brain, 124(Pt 2), 279-286.
Teng, E. L., Hasegawa, K., Homma, A., Imai, Y., Larson, E., Graves, A., et al. (1994). The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): a practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr, 6(1), 45-58; discussion 62.
Teng, E. L., Lin, K. N., Chou, P., Fuh, J. L., Wang, S. J., & Liu, H. C. (1994). The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument and preliminary findings of its Chinese version, CASI C-2.0. Chinese J of Clin Psy, 2, 69-73.
Tsai, R. C., Lin, K. N., Wu, K. Y., Liu, H. C., Tsai, R.-C., Lin, K.-N., et al. (2004). Improving the screening power of the cognitive abilities screening instrument, Chinese version. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 18(3-4), 314-320.
Van Hoesen, G. W., Parvizi, J., & Chu, C. C. (2000). Orbitofrontal cortex pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Cereb Cortex, 10(3), 243-251.
Walston, F., Blennerhassett, R. C., & Charlton, B. G. (2000). 'Theory of mind', persecutory delusions and the somatic marker mechanism. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5(3), 161 - 174.
Wechsler, D. (1997). Manual for the Wechsler adult intelligence scale (3rd edition). San Antonio,TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wellman, H. M., & Woolley, J. D. (1990). From simple desires to ordinary beliefs: the early development of everyday psychology. Cognition, 35(3), 245-275.
Wilson, R. S., Gilley, D. W., Bennett, D. A., Beckett, L. A., & Evans, D. A. (2000). Hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 69(2), 172-177.
Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13(1), 103-128.
Winner, E., Brownell, H., Happe, F., Blum, A., & Pincus, D. (1998). Distinguishing lies from jokes: theory of mind deficits and discourse interpretation in right hemisphere brain-damaged patients. Brain Lang, 62(1), 89-106.
Wu, Y. H. (2001). A study of the relationships between the executive behaviors of daily life and the executive tests. Master thesis. Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
Yen, S. Y. (2006). Paranoid Symptoms, Theory of Mind and Executive Function in Schizophrenia. Master Thesis. Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan.
Youmans, G. L. (2004). Theory of Mind performance of individuals with Alsheimer-Type dementia profiles. Dissertation, College of Communication, The Florida State University. .
Zaitchik, D. (1990). When representations conflict with reality: the preschooler's problem with false beliefs and "false" photographs. Cognition, 35(1), 41-68.
Zubenko, G. S., Moossy, J., Martinez, A. J., Rao, G., Claassen, D., Rosen, J., et al. (1991). Neuropathologic and neurochemical correlates of psychosis in primary dementia.[erratum appears in Arch Neurol 1992 Oct;49(10):1064]. Archives of Neurology, 48(6), 619-624.