肌少症(sarcopenia)是一種隨年齡增長而導致肌肉質量與肌力逐漸下降，進而造成功能性表現減退的漸進性疾病；衰弱（frailty）則為一種動態變化的生理狀態，使老年人對外在壓力源（stressors）更加敏感，進而導致不良健康結果的風險升高。近年來，隨著臺灣於2025年邁入超高齡社會，肌少症與衰弱等老年症候群受到越來越多的關注。相較於社區長者，使用長期照護機構（long-term care facilities, LTCFs）資源的老年人更容易出現上述狀況。多元性運動訓練（multi-component exercise）與漸進式阻力訓練（progressive resistance training, PRT）已被認為是目前預防與改善肌少症與衰弱最有效的方法。然而，在醫療人力資源不足（特別是在偏鄉地區）的情況下，要在LTCFs中實施結構化、常規化的運動訓練，仍面臨極大挑戰。任天堂所推出的健身環大冒險（RingFit Adventure, RFA）為一項新興的體感互動遊戲，融合了阻力、有氧與平衡訓練，有助於提升參與動機並減少對醫療專業人員的依賴，提供LTCFs一種具可行性與實務應用潛力的替代方案。
本研究是從2022年8月到2023年9月在台灣南部偏鄉長期照護機構所進行的隨機對照試驗，收案對象為認知功能足以配合復健運動年滿60歲(含)以上的老年人。控制組維持原先在該機構接受之日常活動及復健治療，實驗組除維持原先在該機構接受之日常活動及復健治療之外，再額外進行為期12週，每週2次之融合RFA體感遊戲的運動計畫(exergame-RFA)，訓練項目包括上肢大肌群並融合本體感覺神經肌肉誘發技術、平衡及反應訓練，每次訓練時間30分鐘。測量時間點為研究介入前、介入後6周末(期中評估)、以及介入後第12周末(期末評估)。比較該計畫介入前後受試者於主要結果 (primary outcome)包含 (1)四肢骨骼肌質量指數、(2)慣用手握力；以及次要結果(secondary outcome)：包括衰弱量表 (study of osteoporotic fractures index)、步行速度、上肢肌力(最大自主等長收縮maximal voluntary isometric contraction, MVIC)、上肢功能表現（方塊與盒子測試 box and block test, BBT）、肌肉型態（超音波下的肌肉厚度）、日常生活活動量表（Kihon checklist-Taiwan Version, KC-T）、健康相關的生活品質（SF-36）和認知功能（腦部健康測試brain health test, BHT）之改變。另針對實驗組進行高齡者科技接受度問卷評估其對體感遊戲之接受程度。統計分析採用意向分析（intention-to-treat），並以簡單插補法處理遺漏值；各組於不同時間點的訓練成效則以混合變異數分析（mixed ANOVA）檢定。
在研究初始的潛在受試者共152名，其中28名拒絕參加，64名不符合收案標準，因此進入本研究的受試者為60名收案。我們針對這60名受試者進行實驗組與控制組1:1之隨機分組。最終，共55名受試者(實驗組28名，控制組27名)完成了研究。結果顯示，實驗組在所有主要結果上均存在顯著的組間與時間交互作用(group X time interaction，四肢骨骼肌質量指數 p = 0.003；慣用手握力 p = 0.011)，且握力變化超過最小臨床重要差異（minimal clinically important difference）。在次要結果中，包括衰弱量表 ( p = 0.007)、步行速度 ( p < 0.001)、肱二頭肌的MVIC（p = 0.004）和肱三頭肌的MVIC（p < 0.001）、超音波下的肱二頭肌厚度（p <0.001）、BBT（p <.001）、KC-T的身體功能（p = 0.01）、情緒狀態（p = 0.003）及總分（p = 0.003），以及BHT（p < 0.001）也都呈現顯著的組間與時間交互作用。此外，我們還評估了肌肉參數與功能表現之間的關聯性並發現所有肌肉參數與多項功能表現（包括步速、BBT、SF-36和BHT）之間存在正向顯著相關，而與SOF指數和KC-T則呈負向顯著相關，相關係數除了慣用手握力呈現高度顯著相關之外，其於從低(low)到適度(modest)相關不等。我們還探討了不同肌少症和虛弱程度對介入反應的影響。結果表明，虛弱狀態比肌少症狀態更顯著地影響了對exergame-RFA的反應，相較於健康狀況較好(robust)的老年人，虛弱的老年人從exergame-RFA中獲得了更大的益處。此外，對RFA的可用性和接受度評估顯示，參與者在使用意圖、行為和操作便利性等參數上均有顯著提升，但是對技術的態度變化則較少。
總結來說，從文獻回顧、實證醫學到我們的研究結果，均強調了將exergame-RFA這類科技驅動、引人入勝的體感遊戲運動計劃整合到偏鄉地區長期照護機構中作為常規活動的潛力。這一創新方法不僅有效應對了老年人的身體和認知需求，還為在資源有限的環境中實施有效運動計劃提供了一個可行的解決方案。我們相信本研究的結果展現了基於體感遊戲的運動訓練在高齡長者中的潛力，為這類技術的廣泛應用奠定了基礎，並希望最終能提升高齡人口的醫療健康成果。

Sarcopenia, characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function with aging, and frailty, defined as a state of vulnerability and reduced physiological reserve in older adults, are increasingly concerning geriatric syndromes—especially in Taiwan, which became a super-aged society in 2025. Older adults in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) show a higher prevalence of these conditions compared to those living in the community. Multicomponent exercises, including progressive resistance training (PRT), are recognized as the most effective methods for preventing and managing these issues. However, implementing regular, structured exercise programs in LTCFs, particularly in rural areas, remains challenging due to the scarcity of healthcare professionals. Exergame-based exercises, such as the Nintendo Switch RingFit Adventure (RFA)—which integrates resistance, aerobic, and balance training—offer a viable alternative by enhancing participant engagement and reducing the need for extensive staff involvement. This dissertation investigated the use of exergame delivered via RFA (exergame-RFA) to delay deterioration in muscle mass, strength, cognition, and functional performance among older adults in rural Taiwanese LTCFs.
This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted from August 2022 to September 2023 involving older adults (aged ≥60 years) in LTCFs in rural southern Taiwan. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving exergame-RFA plus standard care, or a control group receiving standard care only. The intervention consisted of seated upper-limb and trunk control exercises using RFA, delivered twice weekly for 30 minutes over 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI) and dominant handgrip strength (HGS). Secondary outcomes included the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) index (indicating frailty status), gait speed, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the upper limbs, muscle thickness measured by ultrasound, Box and Block Test (BBT) performance, activities of daily living [Kihon Checklist–Taiwan version (KC-T)], health-related quality of life [Short Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36)], and cognitive function [Brain Health Test (BHT)]. An intention-to-treat analysis with simple imputation was used for missing data. Training effects were assessed using mixed ANOVA, with time as a within-participant factor and intervention group as a between-participant factor.
A total of 152 potential participants were screened. Of these, 28 declined to participate and 64 did not meet eligibility criteria. Sixty participants were enrolled and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention or control group. In total, 55 participants completed the study (28 in the intervention group, 27 in the control group). Significant group × time interaction effects were observed for ASMMI (p = 0.003) and HGS (p = 0.011), with HGS improvements exceeding the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Significant interactions were also found for several secondary outcomes, including SOF index (p = 0.007), gait speed (p < 0.001), MVIC of the biceps (p = 0.004) and triceps brachii (p < 0.001), biceps muscle thickness (p < 0.001), BBT performance (p < 0.001), and KC-T scores—physical function (p = 0.01), mood status (p = 0.003), and total score (p = 0.003)—as well as BHT scores (p < 0.001). Muscle parameters were significantly and positively correlated with functional outcomes (e.g., walking speed, BBT, SF-36, BHT), and negatively correlated with SOF index and KC-T scores. Apart from HGS, which showed a strong association, correlation coefficients ranged from low to modest. Subgroup analysis revealed that frailty status had a greater impact on intervention response than sarcopenia status, with frail individuals experiencing more pronounced improvements in daily function and quality of life. Evaluation of RFA’s usability also showed significant improvements in intention to use, user behavior, and ease of operation, though attitude toward the technology remained relatively unchanged.
In summary, evidence from the literature, combined with our trial findings, highlights the potential of incorporating engaging, technology-driven exergame interventions like exergame-RFA into standard care routines in rural LTCFs. This approach effectively addresses both physical and cognitive demands in older adults and offers a scalable solution for implementing exercise programs in resource-limited settings. The promising results of this study support the broader adoption of exergame-based programs in geriatric care to promote healthy aging.

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