目的:抑制控制是一種高階認知功能，且對跆拳道等競技運動的成功至關重要。在跆拳道中， 運動員需要在動態且不可預測的環境中執行複雜的決策。儘管先前的研究已經證明了實驗室 中抑制控制測驗結果與跆拳道訓練經驗之間的關聯性，但抑制控制是否與場上表現或跆拳道 專業水平的關聯性尚待釐清。此外，為了提高抑制控制的生態有效性，本研究利用 LED 設 備來研究現場抑制控制能力。因此，本研究的目的是彌合實驗室和現場抑制控制性能之間的 差距，並檢查這些能力在評估跆拳道專業水平方面的預測價值。此外，鑑於必須在熱身運動 後進行現場測試以避免任何運動傷害，本研究還檢查了感興趣的效果是否會受到不同熱身運 動類型的影響。方法:招募 28 名具有跆拳道專業經驗 8 ± 5 年的高中跆拳道運動員(年齡 16.5 ± 1.5 歲)參加本研究。參與者完成了與健康體適能測試、技能體適能測試、跆拳道特定技能 表現測試、實驗室的抑制控制(即 go/no-go 任務)和現場的抑制控制(即使用 LED 設備設 計的 go/no-go 任務)。具體來說，在特定運動的熱身條件和靜態熱身條件下檢查了場域抑制 控制表現，這可能有助於防止運動損傷，並可能有助於檢查任務的生態應用性。另一方面， 本研究還使用從 3 位教練那裡獲得的 5 點李克特量表評估參與者的跆拳道專業水平。使用 Pearson 相關分析研究所有變量之間的相關性。另一方面，使用線性回歸檢查專業水平的預測 因素。結果:結果揭示了基於實驗室和現場的抑制控制之間的顯著相關性。此外，在實施跆 拳道特定熱身條件時，發現場域的抑制控制測驗可以預測專家對專業水平的評估，這表明現 場的抑制控制測量可能在跆拳道專業水平方面具有更大的預測能力，而在跆拳道專項熱身後更為顯著。討論:本研究觀察到實驗室中的抑制控制與現場的抑制控制能力相關，提供了彌 合現場和實驗室中認知測量之間差距的證據。此外，熱身運動的選擇可能是反映跆拳道現場 認知表現及其與專業水平相關性的重要事實。總之，我們的研究結果表明，使用更生態有效 的認知測量方法來進行教練和運動員的訓練或人才識別的重要性。

Introduction: Inhibitory control is a higher-order cognition crucial for the success of sports activities, such as taekwondo. In taekwondo, athletes need to perform complex skills in a dynamically changing and unpredictable environment. Although previous research has demonstrated the relationship between laboratory measures of inhibitory control and taekwondo training experience, it is unclear whether such an inhibitory control measure is related to on-field performance or taekwondo expertise. Moreover, to improve the ecological validity of inhibitory control, this study took advantage of the LED equipment to investigate on-field inhibitory control performance. Accordingly, the purposes of this study were to bridge the gap between inhibitory control performance in the lab and the field and to examine the predictive values of these measures in evaluating the expertise level of taekwondo. Moreover, given that the on-field test has to be conducted following a warm-up exercise in order to avoid any sport injury, this study also examined whether the effects of interest may be affected by different warm-up exercise types. Method: Twenty-eight senior high school taekwondo athletes (aged 16.5 ± 1.5 years) with professional taekwondo experience of 8 ± 5 years were recruited to participate in this study. Participants have completed the health-related fitness tests, skill-related fitness tests, taekwondo-specific skill performance tests, lab-based inhibitory control (i.e., the go/no-go task), and field-based inhibitory control (i.e., the go/no-go task
designed using the LED equipment). Specifically, the field-based inhibitory control was i
examined in a sport-specific warm-up condition and a static warm-up condition, which may help prevent any sport injury and may help examine the ecological application of the task. On the other hand, this study also evaluated participants’ taekwondo expertise level using a 5-point Likert scale acquired from 3 coaches. The correlations among all variables were investigated using Pearson’s Correlation analysis. On the other hand, the prediction factors of expertise level were examined using linear regression. Results: The results revealed a significant correlation between lab- and field-based measures of inhibitory control. Moreover, field-based inhibitory control was found to predict experts’ evaluation of expertise level when implementing the taekwondo-specific warm-up condition, suggesting that the field-based measurements of inhibitory control may have greater predictive power in the level of taekwondo expertise with specific warm up exercise. Discussion: This study observed that lab-based inhibitory control was related to the inhibitory control performance in the field, providing evidence bridging the gap between field- and lab-based cognitive measures. Furthermore, the choice of warm-up exercise may be an important fact to reflect the on-field cognitive performance of taekwondo and its association with expertise level. In conclusion, our findings may point to the importance of considering the use of more ecological valid cognitive measures for training or talent identification for coaches and athletes.

Albuquerque, M. R., Gonzaga, A. d. S., Greco, P. J., & Costa, I. T. d. (2019). Association between inhibitory control and tactical performance of under-15 soccer players. Revista de psicología del deporte, 28(1), 63-69.
Albuquerque, M. R., Tavares, L. D., Longo, A. R., Mesquita, P. H. C., & Franchini, E. (2022). Relationship between Indirect Measures of Aerobic and Muscle Power with Frequency Speed of Kick Test Multiple Performance in Taekwondo Athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(03), 254-261. http://doi.org/10.1055/a-1546-9221
Alves, H., Voss, M., Boot, W. R., Deslandes, A., Cossich, V., Inacio Salles, J., & Kramer, A. F. (2013). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite volleyball players. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 36-44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00036
Arede, J., Carvalho, M., Esteves, P., de las Heras, B., & Leite, N. (2021). Exploring the effects of LED lighting training program on motor performance among young athletes. Creativity Research Journal, 33(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2020.1817693
Berchicci, M., Lucci, G., Spinelli, D., & Di Russo, F. (2015). Stimulus onset predictability modulates proactive action control in a Go/No-go task. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, Article 101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00101
Bezdjian, S., Tuvblad, C., Wang, P., Raine, A., & Baker, L. A. (2014). Motor impulsivity during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal biometric analysis of the go/no-go task in 9- to 18-year-old twins. Developmental Psychology, 50(11), 2549-2557. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038037
Boiarskaia, E. A., Boscolo, M. S., Zhu, W., & Mahar, M. T. (2011). Cross-validation of an equating method linking aerobic FITNESSGRAM® field tests. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(4), S124-S130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.07.009
Brevers, D., Dubuisson, E., Dejonghe, F., Dutrieux, J., Petieau, M., Cheron, G., Verbanck, P., Foucart, J. (2018). Proactive and reactive motor inhibition in top athletes versus nonathletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 125(2), 289-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512517751751
Bridge, C. A., da Silva Santos, J. F., Chaabene, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 713-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9
Bridge, C. A., Jones, M. A., & Drust, B. (2009). Physiological responses and perceived exertion during international taekwondo competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4(4), 485-493. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.4.485
Bruin, K., & Wijers, A. (2002). Inhibition, response mode, and stimulus probability: a comparative event-related potential study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 113(7), 1172-1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00141-4
Bueno, J. C. B., & Saavedra, L. (2016). Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and inhibitory control: effects of practice on secondary public school students in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 11(2s), 96-97. https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v11i2s.4190
Burns, R. D., Hannon, J. C., Allen, B. M., & Brusseau, T. A. (2014). Convergent validity of the one-mile run and PACER VO2max prediction models in middle school students. Sage Open, 4(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014525420
Campos, F. A. D., Bertuzzi, R., Dourado, A. C., Santos, V. G. F., & Franchini, E. (2012). Energy demands in taekwondo athletes during combat simulation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(4), 1221-1228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2071-4
Chaabene, H., Negra, Y., Capranica, L., Bouguezzi, R., Hachana, Y., Rouahi, M. A., & Mkaouer, B. (2018). Validity and reliability of a new test of planned agility in elite taekwondo athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(9), 2542-2547.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002325
Chaabène, H., Tabben, M., Mkaouer, B., Franchini, E., Negra, Y., Hammami, M., Amara, S., Chaabène, R. B., Hachana, Y. (2015). Amateur boxing: physical and physiological attributes. Sports Medicine, 45(3), 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0274- 7
Chaytor, N., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2003). The ecological validity of neuropsychological tests: A review of the literature on everyday cognitive skills. Neuropsychology Review, 13(4), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NERV.0000009483.91468.fb
Cho, S. Y., Kim, Y. I., & Roh, H. T. (2017). Effects of taekwondo intervention on cognitive function and academic self-efficacy in children. Journal of Physical Therapy Sience, 29(4), 713-715. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.713
Coh, M., Vodicar, J., Žvan, M., Šimenko, J., Stodolka, J., Rauter, S., & Mackala, K. (2018). Are change-of-direction speed and reactive agility independent skills even when using the same movement pattern? The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(7), 1929-1936. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002553
Coppens, E., Laureys, F., Mostaert, M., D'Hondt, E., Deconinck, F. J., & Lenoir, M. (2021). Validation of a motor competence assessment tool for children and adolescents (KTK3+) with normative values for 6-to 19-year-olds. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, Article 652952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.652952
Corbin, C. B., Pangrazi, R. P., & Franks, B. D. (2000). Definitions: Health, fitness, and physical activity. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, 3(9), 1– 8.
Crivelli, D., & Balconi, M. (2022). Neuroassessment in Sports: An Integrative Approach for Performance and Potential Evaluation in Athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 747852- 747852. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.747852
da Silva Santos, J. F., Valenzuela, T. H., & Franchini, E. (2015). Can different conditioning activities and rest intervals affect the acute performance of taekwondo turning kick? The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(6), 1640-1647. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000808
de Almeida-Neto, P. F., Campos, N. M. R., de Matos, D. G., Baxter-Jones, A. D., do Carmo Silva, B. R., Bulhões-Correia, A., dos Santos Simões, T.B., Aidar, F. J., Dantas, P. M. S., de Cabral, B. G. A. T. (2021). Higher levels of inhibitory control are associated with superior neuromuscular performance in adolescent athletes. Sport Sciences for Health, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-021-00858-0
de-Oliveira, L. A., Matos, M. V., Fernandes, I. G., Nascimento, D. A., & da Silva-Grigoletto, M. E. (2021). Test-retest reliability of a visual-cognitive technology (BlazePodTM) to measure response time. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 20(1), 179. ttps://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.179
Di Russo, F., Taddei, F., Apnile, T., & Spinelli, D. (2006). Neural correlates of fast stimulus discrimination and response selection in top-level fencers. Neuroscience Letters, 408(2), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.085
Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., & Sibley, B. A. (2006). A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Brain Research Reviews, 52(1), 119-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.01.002
Florkiewicz, B., Fogtman, S., Kszak-Krzyżanowska, A., & Zwierko, T. (2014). The ability to maintain attention during visuomotor task performance in handball players and non- athletes. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 7, 99-106.
Fong, S. S., Tsang, W. W., & Ng, G. Y. (2012). Taekwondo training improves sensory organization and balance control in children with developmental coordination disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(1), 85-95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.08.023
Franchini, E., Del Vecchio, F. B., Matsushigue, K. A., & Artioli, G. G. (2011). Physiological profiles of elite judo athletes. Sports Medicine, 41(2), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.2165/11538580-000000000-00000
Gabbett, T. J. (2008). Do Skill-Based Conditioning Games Offer a Specific Training Stimulus for Junior Elite Volleyball Players? The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(2), 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181634550
Ganley, K. J., Paterno, M. V., Miles, C., Stout, J., Brawner, L., Girolami, G., & Warren, M. (2011). Health-related fitness in children and adolescents. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 23(3), 208-220. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0b013e318227b3fc
García-Pallarés, J., López-Gullón, J. M., Muriel, X., Díaz, A., & Izquierdo, M. (2011). Physical fitness factors to predict male Olympic wrestling performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(8), 1747-1758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1809-8
Gierczuk, D., & Bujak, Z. (2014). Reliability and accuracy of Batak Lite tests used for assessing coordination motor abilities in wrestlers. Polish Journal of Sport & Tourism, 21(2), 72- 76. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2014-0007
Gleim, G. W., & McHugh, M. P. (1997). Flexibility and its effects on sports injury and performance. Sports Medicine, 24(5), 289-299. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256- 199724050-00001
Goodarzi, G. R., Bagheri Ragheb, Q., & Issazadeh, H. (2021). Designing a talent search model in Taekwondo. International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science, 10(2), 115-128. https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ijashss.2021.274104.1043
Gothe, N., Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, C., & McAuley, E. (2013). The acute effects of yoga on executive function. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(4), 488-495. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.4.488
Haddad, M., Chaouachi, A., Wong, D. P., Castagna, C., & Chamari, K. (2011). Heart rate responses and training load during nonspecific and specific aerobic training in adolescent taekwondo athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 29, 59–66.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-011-0040-y
Hadlow, S. M., Panchuk, D., Mann, D. L., Portus, M. R., & Abernethy, B. (2018). Modified perceptual training in sport: a new classification framework. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(9), 950-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.011
Hagyard, J., Brimmell, J., Edwards, E. J., & Vaughan, R. S. (2021). Inhibitory control across athletic expertise and its relationship with sport performance. Journal of Sport and
Exercise Psychology, 43(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0043
Hands, B., Larkin, D., Parker, H., Straker, L., & Perry, M. (2009). The relationship among physical activity, motor competence and health‐related fitness in 14‐year‐old adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(5), 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00847.x
Hernández-Mendo, A., Reigal, R. E., López-Walle, J. M., Serpa, S., Samdal, O., Morales-Sánchez, V., de Mier, R. J. R., Tristán-Rodríguez, J. L., Rosado, A. F., Falco, C. (2019). Physical activity, sports practice, and cognitive functioning: The current research status. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02658
Hillman, C. H., Snook, E. M., & Jerome, G. J. (2003). Acute cardiovascular exercise and executive control function. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 48(3), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(03)00080-1
Hodges, N. J., Wyder-Hodge, P. A., Hetherington, S., Baker, J., Besler, Z., & Spering, M. (2021). Topical review: Perceptual-cognitive skills, methods, and skill-based comparisons in interceptive sports. Optometry and Vision Science, 98(7), 681-695. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001727
Hoffman, J. R. (2020). Evaluation of a reactive agility assessment device in youth football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(12), 3311-3315. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003867
Jodo, E., & Kayama, Y. (1992). Relation of a negative ERP component to response inhibition in a Go/No-go task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 82(6), 477- 482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(92)90054-L
Jung, H. C., Seo, M. W., Lee, S., Jung, S. W., & Song, J. K. (2018). Correcting vitamin D insufficiency improves some but not all aspects of physical performance during winter training in taekwondo athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(6), 635-643. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0412
Kalén, A., Bisagno, E., Musculus, L., Raab, M., Pérez-Ferreirós, A., Williams, A. M., Araújo, D., Lindwall, M., & Ivarsson, A. (2021). The role of domain-specific and domain- general cognitive functions and skills in sports performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 147(12), 1290-1308. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000355
Kao, S.-C., Drollette, E. S., Ritondale, J. P., Khan, N., & Hillman, C. H. (2018). The acute effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on declarative memory and inhibitory control. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 90- 99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.011
Kazemi, M., De Ciantis, M. G., & Rahman, A. (2013). A profile of the youth Olympic taekwondo athlete. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 57(4), 293- 300.
Kida, N., Oda, S., & Matsumura, M. (2005). Intensive baseball practice improves the Go/Nogo reaction time, but not the simple reaction time. Cognitive Brain Research, 22(2), 257- 264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.09.003
Kim, Y. (2015). The effect of regular taekwondo exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and Stroop test in undergraduate student. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry, 19(2), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.5717/jenb.2015.15060904
Logan, N. E., Henry, D. A., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2022). Trained athletes and cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-25.https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2084764
Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Pühse, U., Looser, V. N., & Kamijo, K. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating moderators of long-term effects of exercise on cognition in healthy individuals. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(6), 603-612. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0851-8
Ludyga, S., Mücke, M., Andrä, C., Gerber, M., & Pühse, U. (2022). Neurophysiological correlates of interference control and response inhibition processes in children and adolescents engaging in open-and closed-skill sports. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 11(2), 224-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.01.001
Martin, K., Staiano, W., Menaspà, P., Hennessey, T., Marcora, S., Keegan, R., Thompson, K. G., Martin, D., Halson, S., Rattray, B. (2016). Superior inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue in professional road cyclists. PloS One, 11(7), e0159907. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159907
McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2015). Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Medicine, 45(11), 1523-1546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x
Moenig, U. (2015). Rule and equipment modification issues in World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) competition. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 15(4), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.14589/ido.15.4.2
Monks, L., Seo, M.-W., Kim, H.-B., Jung, H. C., & Song, J. K. (2017). High-intensity interval training and athletic performance in taekwondo athletes. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(10), 1252-1260. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022- 4707.17.06853-0
Moreau, D., & Chou, E. (2019). The acute effect of high-intensity exercise on executive function: a meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 734-764. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850568
Muntaner-Mas, A., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Cabanas-Sánchez, V., Pintado, L. B., Salmon, J., Hillman, C. H., Castro-Piñero, J., Perales, J. C., Veiga, O. L., Esteban-Cornejo, I. (2022). Prospective associations between physical fitness and executive function in adolescents: The UP&DOWN study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 61, 102203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102203
Musculus, L., Lautenbach, F., Knöbel, S., Reinhard, M. L., Weigel, P., Gatzmaga, N., Borchert, A., Pelka, M. (2022). An Assist for Cognitive Diagnostics in Soccer: Two Valid Tasks Measuring Inhibition and Cognitive Flexibility in a Soccer-Specific Setting With a Soccer-Specific Motor Response. Frontiers in Psychology, 1332. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.867849
Nakamoto, H., & Mori, S. (2008). Sport-specific decision-making in a go/nogo reaction task: difference among nonathletes and baseball and basketball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106(1), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.106.1.163-170
Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., Van Den Wildenberg, W., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2003). Electrophysiological correlates of anterior cingulate function in a go/no-go task: effects of response conflict and trial type frequency. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 3(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.3.1.17
Norjali Wazir, M. R. W., Van Hiel, M., Mostaert, M., Deconinck, F. J., Pion, J., & Lenoir, M. (2019). Identification of elite performance characteristics in a small sample of taekwondo athletes. PloS One, 14(5), Article e0217358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217358
Örs, B. S., Cantas, F., Gungor, E. O., & Simsek, D. (2019). Assessment and comparison of visual skills among athletes. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 231-241. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.522342
Pion, J., Fransen, J., Lenoir, M., & Segers, V. (2014). The value of non-sport-specific characteristics for talent orientation in young male judo, karate and taekwondo athletes. Archives of Budo, 10, 147-154.
Plisky, P. J., Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Kiesel, K. B., Underwood, F. B., & Elkins, B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy: NAJSPT, 4(2), 92.
Pons van Dijk, G., Huijts, M., & Lodder, J. (2013). Cognition Improvement in Taekwondo Novices Over 40. Results from the SEKWONDO Study. Front Aging Neurosci, 5, 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2013.00074
Russo, G., & Ottoboni, G. (2019). The perceptual–Cognitive skills of combat sports athletes: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 44, 60-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.05.004
Scharfen, H.-E., & Memmert, D. (2019). The relationship between cognitive functions and sport-specific motor skills in elite youth soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 817-826. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00817
Schwiertz, G., Brueckner, D., Schedler, S., Kiss, R., & Muehlbauer, T. (2019). Performance and reliability of the Lower Quarter Y Balance Test in healthy adolescents from grade 6 to 11. Gait & posture, 67, 142-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.10.011
Sellami, M., Gasmi, M., Denham, J., Hayes, L. D., Stratton, D., Padulo, J., & Bragazzi, N. (2018). Effects of acute and chronic exercise on immunological parameters in the elderly aged: can physical activity counteract the effects of aging? Frontiers in
Immunology, 9, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02187
Seo, M.-W., Jung, H.-C., Song, J.-K., & Kim, H.-B. (2015). Effect of 8 weeks of pre-season training on body composition, physical fitness, anaerobic capacity, and isokinetic muscle strength in male and female collegiate taekwondo athletes. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 11(2), 101-107. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.150196
Shellock, F. G., & Prentice, W. E. (1985). Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries. Sports Medicine, 2(4), 267-278. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198502040-00004
Taylor, K.-L., Sheppard, J. M., Lee, H., & Plummer, N. (2009). Negative effect of static stretching restored when combined with a sport specific warm-up component. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(6), 657-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.04.004
Top, E., Akil, M., & Aydin, N. (2018). The effects of the Taekwondo training on children's strength-agility and body coordination levels. Journal of Teaching Research and Media in Kinesiology, 1(1),1-10.
Tsuk, S., Netz, Y., Dunsky, A., Zeev, A., Carasso, R., Dwolatzky, T., Salem, R., Behar, S., Rotstein, A. (2019). The acute effect of exercise on executive function and attention: Resistance versus aerobic exercise. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 15(3), 208. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0269-7
Verbruggen, F., & Logan, G. D. (2008). Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(11), 418-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.07.005
Verburgh, L., Königs, M., Scherder, E. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2014). Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(12), 973-979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091441
Vestberg, T., Gustafson, R., Maurex, L., Ingvar, M., & Petrovic, P. (2012). Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players. PloS One, 7(4), Article e34731. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034731
Voss, M. W., Kramer, A. F., Basak, C., Prakash, R. S., & Roberts, B. (2010). Are expert athletes ‘expert’in the cognitive laboratory? A meta‐analytic review of cognition and sport expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(6), 812-826. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1588
Walsh, V. (2014). Is sport the brain’s biggest challenge? Current Biology, 24(18), R859-R860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.003
Walton, C. C., Keegan, R. J., Martin, M., & Hallock, H. (2018). The potential role for cognitive training in sport: more research needed. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1121-1128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01121
Wang, C.-H. (2020). The cognitive gains of exercise. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(6), 565-566. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0856-3
Wang, C.-H., Chang, C.-C., Liang, Y.-M., Shih, C.-M., Chiu, W.-S., Tseng, P., . . . Juan, C.-H. (2013). Open vs. closed skill sports and the modulation of inhibitory control. PloS One, 8(2), Article e55773. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055773
Yarrow, K., Brown, P., & Krakauer, J. W. (2009). Inside the brain of an elite athlete: the neural processes that support high achievement in sports. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(8), 585-596. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2672
Yongtawee, A., Park, J., Kim, Y., & Woo, M. (2021). Athletes have different dominant cognitive functions depending on type of sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1956570
Yoon, J. (2002). Physiological profiles of elite senior wrestlers. Sports Medicine, 32(4), 225- 233. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200232040-00002
Young, W. B. (2007). The use of static stretching in warm-up for training and competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2(2), 212-216. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.2.212
Yu, C.-C., Muggleton, N. G., Chen, C.-Y., Ko, C.-H., & Liu, S. (2021). The comparisons of inhibitory control and post-error behaviors between different types of athletes and physically inactive adults. PloS One, 16(8), e0256272. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256272
Yu, M., & Liu, Y. (2021). Differences in executive function of the attention network between athletes from interceptive and strategic sports. Journal of Motor Behavior, 53(4), 419- 430. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2020.1790486
Zakharova, A., Mekhdieva, K., Krasilnikov, V., & Timokhina, V. (2019). Soccer players' agility: Complex laboratory testing for differential training. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2019), 90- 96. https://doi.org/10.5220/0008166700900096
Zemková, E., & Hamar, D. (2014). Agility performance in athletes of different sport specializations. Acta Gymnica, 44(3), 133-140. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2014.013
Zhang, D., Ding, H., Wang, X., Qi, C., & Luo, Y. (2015). Enhanced response inhibition in experienced fencers. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16282