研究背景：
台灣生育率長期地快速下跌，加上高齡人口的平均餘命不斷延長，使得台灣人口老化速度於世界中名列前茅，若再以傳統退休年齡為界限，逐漸浮現的勞動力短缺問題得不到緩解，龐大的養老壓力將使得社會安全制度的財務危機愈形緊迫，而就個人來說，晚年的生活花費也將會不足。相較於已開發國家開始力行「延後退休」，台灣卻仍盛行「提早退休」，與美國、日本和南韓相比，台灣45歲以上的中高齡勞動參與率更遠遠落後。事實上，高齡者仍會有勞動的需求，雖然他們的年齡較高，卻有許多工作技能可以彌補體力上的劣勢。
研究目的：
為了解台灣中高齡勞動參與率低落的原因，以提供未來中高齡人力運用規劃參考，本文將討論中高齡人口的工作需求與工作能力，並呈現中高齡者的期望退休年齡與實際退休年齡分布。
研究方法：
本研究利用2008年「人力資源調查」及同年10月附帶調查之「中老年狀況調查」資料。先以描述統計呈現全體中高齡人口的期望與實際退休年齡分布，再將全體中高齡人口，依照屬性及問卷分流，扣除47筆遺漏值（現役軍人、監管人口或失蹤人口）與極端值7,324筆（填答未曾工作者2,394筆或填答不想停止工作者4,930筆）後，實際運用20,550筆，再將之區分為中高齡就業者、中高齡失業者、未參與勞動但未來想找工作者，以及退休中高齡者，四大類人口群。在後半部複迴歸分析與羅吉斯迴歸分析部分，僅討論就業者與失業者兩類人口群，依變項分別為期望退休年齡與實際退休年齡，並觀察各人口群之個人基本屬性對期望與實際退休年齡的影響機率與分布情況為何。
研究結果：
中高齡者的個人基本屬性，即性別、年齡、教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、照顧責任、金錢照顧責任，確實會影響中高齡者的期望與實際退休年齡。但對中高齡就業者和實際退休者兩類人口群而言，影響作用的方向和效果不完全相同，但整體而言：(1) 女性的期望與實際退休年齡皆比男性來得更早。(2) 年齡愈大者，期望與實際退休年齡也愈晚。 (3) 健康狀況愈差者，期望與實際退休年齡愈早。
II
若區分人口群來看，就業者的主要發現為：(1) 教育程度愈低，期望愈晚退休。(2) 女性經濟狀況愈差愈晚退休，但男性的經濟狀況對退休年齡分布無顯著影響。(3) 女性白領比女性藍領和男性藍領期望更早退休，而男性職業類別仍與期望退休年齡無差異。(4) 經濟狀況愈差者，期望在65歲以前的機率愈高。(5) 有負擔照顧責任者，期望在66歲以後才退休的機率愈大。
對退休者人口群則是(1) 教育程度愈低，退休愈早。(2) 男性經濟狀況愈差者愈早退休，但女性經濟狀況愈差者，退休年齡愈晚。(3) 對於經濟狀況勉強可支付者而言，婚姻狀況為有配偶者期望比無配偶者更早退休。
研究結論：
本研究雖然討論中高齡人口的工作需求與工作能力，並呈現中高齡者的期望退休年齡與實際退休年齡分布，但勞動市場所牽涉的供給與需求平衡，其實需要更多政策或法令規章設立的推動才得以致之。而美國、日本與韓國有行之多年的中高齡勞動力促進政策，雖然仍在調整之中，卻可以為台灣未來政策制定參考的起點。

Background:
As the dramatic decline of Taiwan's fertility from 1997, the rapid population aging is an inevitable trend. In addition, the life expectancy at old age has been increasing and might make the income security of the elderly more challenged. Therefore, it is time to think about postponing retirement age in Taiwan to cope with the challenges of labor shortage and the potential finance problems of social security. Nevertheless, in comparison to other countries, for example, the United States, Japan and South Korea, the labor force participation rates of senior citizens (45 years and older) in Taiwan lags far behind and the trend of Taiwan’s retirement ages are decreasing instead of increasing as other countries.
Objective:
As a matter of fact, for income security and social participation, a lot of older adults still need and want to work. In order to understand the reasons of low labor participation rates of older adults, and to provide information for the older labor force policy makers, this study will discuss the work need and ability of older adults, and explore the factors that affect the expected or real retirement ages of older adults in Taiwan.
Method:
We use “human resource survey” in 2008 to derive middle and old age adults whose age is 45 years old and over for analysis. The sample number is 20,550. The expected and real retirement age distribution of three kinds of employment status respondents, that is, employed, unemployed and retired persons, are demonstrated firstly. Latterly, we discusses employed and retired population groups with multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis, and there are expected retirement age and real retirement age respectively according to variables. In addition, the effects and distribution of expected and real retirement ages by personal characteristics in each population group are observed.
Result:
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, such as gender, age, education, economic situation, health status, care responsibility, and financial
IV
care responsibility, certainly affect the expected and real retirement age. However, for the two personal groups which are employed individuals and actual retirees, the direction and results of effects are not exactly the same. For overall middle and old age population (1) Female’s expected and real retirement ages are both earlier than those of male. (2) For older individuals, their expected and real retirement ages are later. (3) For individual whose heath status is worse, the expected and real retirement ages are earlier.
Further, from the view of effects of individual variables for employed: (1) Expected retirement is latter if the education level is lower. (2) For female, when the economic situation is worse, retirement age will be later. However, economic status of male doesn’t affect retirement age significantly. (3) White-collar female expects to retire earlier than blue-collar female and male, but there is still no difference between white-collar and blue-collar in expected retirement age for male. (4) For individual whose economic status is worse, the rate expecting to retire before 65 years old is higher. (5) For individual who has care responsibility, the rate expecting to retire after 66 years old is higher.
For retiree population group (1) with lower education level, the retirement age is earlier. (2) Male whose economic status is worse will retire earlier. However, for female whose economic status is worse, the retirement age will be later. (3) For individual who can barely afford for the economic condition, the one who has spouse in marital condition expects to retire earlier than the one who does not have spouse.
Conclusions:
The work need and ability of older adults is discussed in this study, and expected retirement age and real retirement age distributions are also demonstrated. However, the supply and demand balance is related in labor market, and actually more promotions of policies and regulation establishments are required for it. Besides, there are elderly labor promotion policies which have been established for many years in the United States, Japan and South Korea. These policies still require adjustments, but can be the starting point of future policy establishment reference in Taiwan.

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