為了瞭解都市生態系（urban ecosystem）中的鳥類群聚組成與生殖活動，以及探討棲地型島嶼（habitat-island）的面積、隔離性（isolation）、棲地異質性（habitat heterogeneity）、和干擾（disturbance）對鳥類群聚與生殖的影響，本研究於2007年3月 ~ 10月於台南市針對54個隨機選取且面積不同的公園，以定點式調查法（point count）記錄鳥種與隻數。 研究期間共進行5輪調查，並分別於生殖季前期（4月 ~ 7月）與後期（9月 ~ 10月）搜尋所有公園的鳥巢作為生殖證據，另外調查過程中也一併進行各公園面積、隔離性、棲地異質性、與干擾因子之測量。 隨後我分別計算各鳥種及生態群（ecological groups）的相對出現頻度（relative occurrence）、相對豐度（relative abundance）、與相對重要指數（relative importance），以及利用ANOVA比較不同面積的三組公園在鳥種數、個體密度、生殖鳥種數、與鳥巢密度的差異，並以複迴歸分析何種因子影響鳥類群聚與生殖。
本研究共記錄到47種鳥類出現於公園內，其中麻雀（Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus Linnaeus, 1758）與白頭翁（Chinese Bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis Gmelin, 1789）在全部公園皆有分佈，相對豐度總和為51 %，是最為優勢的鳥種。 草原及開闊地雜食者（Grassland Omnivore）與森林及林緣雜食者（Forest Omnivore）則為相對重要指數最高的兩類生態群。 平均每公園包含13.6 ± 0.6種鳥，整體異質性達7.01。 在生殖方面，有築巢紀錄的13種鳥中，以鳩鴿科（Columbidae）（35.7 %）、白頭翁（25.0 %）、與斑文鳥（Scaly-breasted Munia, Lonchura punctulata Linnaeus, 1758）（24.9 %）的築巢數居多。 平均每公園有2.9 ± 0.2種鳥築巢生殖，整體生殖鳥種異質性為3.84。 各組公園中，大型公園（≥ 5公頃）無論在鳥種數或生殖鳥種數都顯著多於中型（≥ 1 ~ < 5公頃）及小型（≥ 0.3 ~ < 1公頃）公園。 複迴歸結果顯示，公園鳥種數和生殖鳥種數皆與面積呈現正向關係，而公園遊客密度與潛在捕食者密度增加會分別降低公園的鳥種數與生殖鳥種數。 隔離性對公園鳥種數與生殖鳥種數的效應並不顯著，出現地點5個以上的23種鳥類中僅7種對此較為敏銳。 棲地異質性在鳥類生殖方面有較明顯的效應，其中以樹種異質性及地表異質性為影響個別鳥種在公園築巢的顯著變數，如鴷形目（Piciformes）與喜鵲（Common Magpie, Pica pica Linnaeus, 1758）。
颱風帕布（Pabuk）、梧提（Wutip）、與聖帕（Sepat）於2007年8月9日 ~ 23日接連過境後，本研究利用此機會調查不同形狀與巢位特徵（nest-site characteristics）的鳥巢在颱風干擾後的損害程度。 我依據不同面積組別隨機選取原54個公園中的22個，於8月25 ~ 28日進行鳥類群聚及鳥巢損害程度之調查。 結果顯示颱風後公園總鳥種數、個體密度、鳥類異質性、鳥類均勻度、與鳥類結構組成並沒有明顯變化。 各生態群對於颱風的反應不一，空中蟲食者（Aerial Insectivore）的個體密度顯著增加，可能與快速補充的食物量及優異移動能力有關。 不同類型鳥巢的受損比例呈現隨機分佈模式，不同受損程度的鳥巢在巢位特徵上也無顯著差異。
本研究結果顯示面積增加有助於鳥類前往公園棲息與生殖，故都市管理者在綠地規劃上應擴大公園面積，並降低人工建築的比例，以避免內部綠地破碎化。 另外，增加公園樹木與地表類型的異質性以及減少人類活動造成之干擾，可提高鳥類在公園出現並築巢的機會。

The aims of this research were to reveal the composition and the reproductive activity of urban birds and to determine the effects of area, isolation, habitat heterogeneity, and disturbance on the assemblage and reproduction of birds among urban habitat-islands. During March to October in 2007, I surveyed the number of avian species and abundance, by using point count method, in 54 parks of three size-groups, which were selected randomly in Tainan City. I censused each park for five times during the study period, and searched for bird nests in the early ( April ~ July ) and late ( September ~ October ) breeding season in all parks. In addition, the area, the degree of isolation, habitat heterogeneity, and disturbance of each park were measured. I calculated relative occurrence, relative abundance, and relative importance of individual species and ecological groups, and used ANOVA to compare the number of species, bird density, the number of breeding species, and nest density among parks of three size-groups. All data were analyzed by multiple regressions to examine which factors will influence community composition and reproductive activities of urban birds.
In total, I documented 47 species. The two most dominant species, Eurasian Tree Sparrows ( Passer montanus Linnaeus, 1758 ) and Chinese Bulbuls ( Pycnonotus sinensis Gmelin, 1789 ), were observed in all 54 parks, and their total relative abundance accounted for 51 %. Grassland Omnivores and Forest Omnivores were two ecological groups of the largest the index of relative importance. The mean number of species per park was 13.6 ± 0.6, and avian heterogeneity index value of all parks was 7.01. Thirteen species of birds were found breeding in the parks, but most nests came from species in Columbidae ( 35.7 % ), Chinese Bulbuls ( 25.0 % ), and Scaly-breasted Munias ( Lonchura punctulata Linnaeus, 1758 ) ( 24.9 % ). The mean number of breeding species per park was 2.9 ± 0.2, and the heterogeneity index value of breeding birds was 3.84. There were significantly more species and breeding species in large parks ( ≥ 5 ha ) than medium ( ≥ 1 ~ < 5 ha ) and small ( ≥ 0.3 ~ < 1 ha ) parks. The results of multiple regressions suggested that positive relationships existed not only between area and the number of species, but also between area and the number of breeding species. In contrast, the pedestrian density and density of potential predators had negative effects on avian communities and their reproduction. The data showed that the isolation affected significantly 7 of the 23 species that had been recorded in more than 5 parks. The habitat heterogeneity had a stronger effect on avian reproduction, whereas for individual species ( e.g. Piciformes and Common Magpies ( Pica pica Linnaeus, 1758 ) ), the heterogeneity of tree composition and that for understory layer appeared more influential.
From August 9 to 23, 2007, three successive typhoons, # 200706 ( Pabuk ), # 200707 ( Wutip ), and # 200708 ( Sepat ) brought strong gust and torrential rainfall to the city of Tainan. Immediately after the disturbance of typhoons, from August 25 to 28, I randomly selected 22 parks from the three size-groups of 54 parks to survey for bird nests and assessed the degree of damage resulted from typhoons, and compared the differences between different shapes of nests and their respective characteristics of the nest-sites. The data showed that total number of species, bird density, the heterogeneity and evenness of bird assemblages, and the overall avian composition in all parks didn’t differ significantly between before and after the typhoons. The responses of ecological groups to typhoons were different. The density of Aerial Insectivore increased significantly, it may be due to the rapid replenishment of food and the good ability of dispersal. The distribution of damaged ratio was independent among nest-types. In addition, there was no difference in nest-site characteristics among various damaged levels.
This study demonstrates that park size has an influence on both the occurrence and breeding activities of birds in urban areas. From the points of view of conservation for biodiversity in urban ecosystems, more careful planning and proper management should be taken. The park size should be enlarged, whenever is possible, the habitat heterogeneity increased, and the number and coverage of man-made structures in non-natural materials should be reduced, to lessen or avoid fragmentations. Besides, increasing the heterogeneity of trees and types of understory habitats and reducing disturbance from human activities may raise opportunities of urban birds residing and reproducing in the parks.

Åberg, J., G. Jansson, J. E. Swenson, and P. Angelstam. 1995. The effect of matrix on the occurrence of hazel grouse Bonasia bonasia in isolated habitat fragments. Oecologia 103: 265-269.
Adobe System. 2003. Adobe Photoshop CS. Adobe System Inc., San Jose, California, USA.
Anderson, D. L. 2001. Landscape heterogeneity and diurnal raptor diversity in Honduras: the role of indigenous shifting cultivation. Biotropica 33: 511-519.
Askins, R. A., and D. N. Ewert. 1991. Impact of Hurricane Hugo on bird populations on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Biotropica 23: 481-487.
Atauri, J. A., and J. V. de Lucio. 2001. The role of landscape structure in species richness distribution of birds, amphibians, reptiles and lepidopterans in Mediterranean landscapes. Landscape Ecology 16: 147-159.
Baker, P. J., A. J. Bentley, R. J. Ansell, and S. Harris. 2005. Impact of predation by domestic cats Felis catus in an urban area. Mammal Review 35: 302-312.
Blair, R. 2004. The effects of urban sprawl on birds at multiple levels of biological organization. Ecology and Society 9: 2.
Boufford, D. E., C. H. Chen, J. J. Chen, Y. J. Chen, C. E. DeVol, and H. Funakoshi, et al.. 2000. Flora of Taiwan. Vol. 5. The Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Boyle, S. A., and F. B. Samson. 1985. Effects of nonconsumptive recreation on wildlife: a review. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13: 110-116.
Burris, J. M., and A. Haney. 2006. Bird communities before and after a catastrophic blowdown in a great lakes pine forest. Bird Populations 7: 10-20.
Chace, J. F., and J. J. Walsh. 2006. Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning 74: 46-69.
Clergeau, P., J. P. L. Savard, G. Mennechez, and G. Falardeau. 1998. Bird abundance and diversity along an urban-rural gradient: a comparative study between two cities on different continents. The Condor 100: 413-425.
Connor, E. F., and E. D. McCoy. 1979. The statistics and biology of the species-area relationship. The American Naturalist 113: 791-833.
Crooks, K. R., A. V. Suarez, and D. T. Bolger. 2004. Avian assemblages along a gradient of urbanization in a highly fragmented landscape. Biological Conservation 115: 451-462.
Curtis, J. T., and R. P. McIntosh. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the prairie forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32: 476-496.
De Santo, T. L., and M. F. Willson. 2001. Predator abundance and predation of artificial nests in natural and anthropogenic coniferous forest edges in southeast Alaska. Journal of Field Ornithology 72: 136-149.
DeGraaf, R. M. 1991. Winter foraging guild structure and habitat associations in suburban bird communities. Landscape and Urban Planning 21: 173-180.
del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and D. A. Christie. (eds.) 2004 - 2005. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 9-10. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal. (eds.) 1992 - 2002. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 1-7. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Dieni, J. S., and S. L. Jones. 2003. Grassland songbird nest site selection patterns in northcentral Montana. The Wilson Bulletin 115: 388-396.
Donnelly, R., and J. M. Marzluff. 2004. Importance of reserve size and landscape context to urban bird conservation. Conservation Biology 18: 733-745.
Edwards, T. C., and M. W. Collopy. 1988. Nest tree preference of ospreys in northcentral Florida. Journal of Wildlife Management 52: 103-107.
Emlen, J. T. 1974. An urban bird community in Tucson, Arizona: derivation, structure, regulation. The Condor 76: 184-197.
Engstrom, R. T., and G. W. Evans. 1990. Hurricane damage to red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) cavity trees. The Auk 107: 608-610.
Faccio, S. D. 2003. Effects of ice storm-created gaps on forest breeding bird communities in central Vermont. Forest Ecology and Management 186: 133-145.
Fernandez-Juricic, E. 2000a. Avifaunal use of wooded streets in an urban landscape. Conservation Biology 14: 513-521.
Fernández-Juricic, E. 2000b. Bird community composition patterns in urban parks of Madrid: The role of age, size and isolation. Ecological Research 15: 373-383.
Fernández-Juricic, E. 2000c. Local and regional effects of pedestrians on forest birds in a fragmented landscape. The Condor 102: 247-255.
Fernández-Juricic, E. 2002. Can human disturbance promote nestedness? A case study with breeding birds in urban habitat fragments. Oecologia 131: 269-278.
Fernández-Juricic, E. 2004. Spatial and temporal analysis of the distribution of forest specialists in an urban-fragmented landscape (Madrid, Spain): Implications for local and regional bird conservation. Landscape and Urban Planning 69: 17-32.
Fernández-Juricic, E., and J. Jokimäki. 2001. A habitat island approach to conserving birds in urban landscapes: case studies from southern and northern Europe. Biodiversity and Conservation 10: 2023-2043.
Fernández-Juricic, E., and J. L. Tellería. 1999. Recruitment patterns of Blackbirds (Turdus merula) in urban fragmented populations. Ardeola 46: 61-70.
Forrest, A., and C. C. St. Clair. 2006. Effects of dog leash laws and habitat type on avian and small mammal communities in urban parks. Urban Ecosystems 9: 51-66.
Francl, K. E., and G. D. Schnell. 2002. Relationships of human disturbance, bird communities, and plant communities along the land-water interface of a large reservoir. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 73: 67-93.
Galli, A. E., C. F. Leck, and R. T. T. Forman. 1976. Avian distribution patterns in forest islands of different sizes in central New Jersey. The Auk 93: 356-364.
Gering, J. C., and R. B. Blair. 1999. Predation on artificial bird nests along an urban gradient: predatory risk or relaxation in urban environments? Ecography 22: 532-541.
Gillies, C., and M. Clout. 2003. The prey of domestic cats (Felis catus) in two suburbs of Auckland City, New Zealand. Journal of Zoology 259: 309-315.
Graham, C. H., and J. G. Blake. 2001. Influence of patch- and landscape-level factors on bird assemblages in a fragmented tropical landscape. Ecological Applications 11: 1709-1721.
Hagan, J. M., P. S. Mckinley, A. L. Meehan, and S. L. Grove. 1997. Diversity and abundance of landbirds in a northeastern industrial forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 718-735.
Hair, J. F., Jr., R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black. 1992. Multivariate data analysis with readings, 3rd edition. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, New York, USA.
Hansell, M. 2000. Bird nests and construction behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Helzer, C. J., and D. E. Jelinski. 1999. The relative importance of patch area and perimeter-area ratio to grassland breeding birds. Ecological Applications 9: 1448-1458.
Hutto, R. L., S. M. Pletschet, and P. Hendricks. 1986. A fixed-radius point count method for nonbreeding and breeding season use. The Auk 103: 593-602.
IUCN. 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Jokimäki, J. 1999. Occurrence of breeding bird species in urban parks: effects of park structure and broad-scale variables. Urban Ecosystems 3: 21-34.
Karr, J. R. 1971. Structure of avian communities in selected Panama and Illinois habitats. Ecological Monographs 41: 207-233.
Kohn, D. D., and D. M. Walsh. 1994. Plant species richness - the effect of island size and habitat diversity. Journal of Ecology 82: 367-377.
Krebs, C. J. 1999. Ecological methodology, 2nd edition. Addison-Welsey Educational Publishers, Inc., Menlo Park, California, USA.
Lawton, M. F., and R. O. Lawton. 1980. Nest-site selection in the Brown Jay. The Auk 97: 631-633.
Lee, Y. F., Y. M. Kuo, Y. H. Lin, W. C. Chu, S. H. Wu, H. H. Wang, and J. T. Chao. 2008. Spatiotemporal variation in avian diversity and the short-term effects of typhoons in tropical reef-karst forests on Taiwan. Zoological Science 25: 593-603.
Lepczyk, C. A., A. G. Mertig, and J. Liu. 2003. Landowners and cat predation across rural-to-urban landscapes. Biological Conservation 115: 191-201.
Liebezeit, J. R., and T. L. George. 2002. Nest predators, nest-site selection, and nesting success of the Dusky Flycatcher in a managed ponderosa pine forest. The Condor 104: 507-517.
MacArthur, R. H. 1964. Environmental factors affecting bird species diversity. The American Naturalist 98: 387-397.
MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Magurran, A. E. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, USA.
Manly, B. F. J., L. L. McDonald, and D. L. Thomas. 1993. Resource selection by animals: statistical design and analysis for field studies. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
Marzluff, J. M., R. Bowman, and R. Donnelly. 2001. Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts, USA.
McCollin, D. 1998. Forest edges and habitat selection in birds: a functional approach. Ecography 21: 247-260.
McGuinness, K. A. 1984. Equations and explanations in the study of species-area curves. Biological Reviews 59: 423-440.
Mills, G. S., J. B. Dunning, Jr., and J. M. Bates. 1991. The relationship between breeding bird density and vegetation volume. The Wilson Bulletin 103: 468-479.
Mitchell, M. C., L. B. Best, and J. P. Gionfriddo. 1996. Avian nest-site selection and nesting success in two Florida citrus groves. The Wilson Bulletin 108: 573-583.
Mörtberg, U. M. 2001. Resident bird species in urban forest remnants: landscape and habitat perspectives. Landscape Ecology 16: 193-203.
Murphy, M. T. 1983. Nest success and nesting habits of Eastern Kingbirds and other flycatchers. The Condor 85: 208-219.
Niemelä, J. 1999. Ecology and urban planning. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 119-131.
Opdam, P., D. Van Dorp, and C. J. F. Ter Braak. 1984. The effect of isolation on the number of woodland birds in small woods in the Netherlands. Journal of Biogeography 11: 473-478.
Opdam, P., G. Rijsdijk, and F. Hustings. 1985. Bird communities in small woods in an aricultural landscape: effects of area and isolation. Biological Conservation 34: 333-352.
Ortega-Álvarez, R., and I. MacGregor-Fors. 2009. Living in the big city: Effects of urban land-use on bird community structure, diversity, and composition. Landscape and Urban Planning 90: 189-195.
Park, C. R., and W. S. Lee. 2000. Relationship between species composition and area in breeding birds of urban woods in Seoul, Korea. Landscape and Urban Planning 51: 29-36.
Peet, R. K. 1974. The measurement of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5: 285-307.
Rebele, F. 1994. Urban ecology and special features of urban ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 4: 173-187.
Reijnen, R., R. Foppen, and G. Veenbaas. 1997. Disturbance by traffic of breeding birds: evaluation of the effect and considerations in planning and managing road corridors. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 567-581.
Russell, G. J., J. M. Diamond, T. M. Reed, and S. L. Pimm. 2006. Breeding birds on small islands: island biogeography or optimal foraging? The Journal of Animal Ecology 75: 324-339.
Safina, C., and J. Burger. 1983. Effects of human disturbance on reproductive success in the Black Skimmer. The Condor 85: 164-171.
Seki, S. 2005. The effects of a typhoon ( 9918 Bart, 1999 ) on the bird community in a warm temperate forest, southern Japan. Ornithological Science 4: 117-128.
Seki, S., and T. Sato. 2002. The effect of a typhoon on the flocking and foraging behavior of tits. Ornithological Science 1: 53-61.
Shepherd, P., T. Crockett, T. L. De Santo, and K. L. Bildstein. 1991. The impact of Hurricane Hugo on the breeding ecology of wading birds at Pumpkinseed Island, Hobcaw Barony, South Carolina. Colonial Waterbirds 14: 150-157.
Shwartz, A., S. Shirley, and S. Kark. 2008. How do habitat variability and management regime shape the spatial heterogeneity of birds within a large Mediterranean urban park? Landscape and Urban Planning 84: 219-229.
Sieving, K. E., and M. F. Willson. 1998. Nest predation and avian species diversity in northwestern forest understorey. Ecology 79: 2391-2402.
Soh, M. C. K., N. S. Sodhi, R. K. H. Seoh, and B. W. Brook. 2002. Nest site selection of the house crow (Corvus splendens), an urban invasive bird species in Singapore and implications for its management. Landscape and Urban Planning 59: 217-226.
SPSS Inc.. 2000. SPSS 12.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Stauffer, D. J., and T. B. Smith. 2004. Breeding and nest site characteristics of the Black-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna atrata and White-thighed Hornbill Ceratogymna cylindricus in south-central Cameroon. Ostrich 75: 79-88.
Sutherland, W. J. 2006. Ecological census techniques: a handbook, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Tanner, E. V. J., V. Kapos, and J. R. Healey. 1991. Hurricane effects on forest ecosystems in Caribbean. Biotropica 23: 513-521.
Tewksbury, J. J., S. J. Hejl, and T. E. Martin. 1998. Breeding productivity does not decline with increasing fragmentation in a western landscape. Ecology 79: 2890-2903.
Tews, J., U. Brose, V. Grimm, K. Tielbörger, M. C. Wichmann, M. Schwager, and F. Jeltsch. 2004. Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. Journal of Biogeography 31: 79-92.
Tilghman, N. G. 1987. Characteristics of urban woodlands affecting breeding bird diversity and abundance. Landscape and Urban Planning 14: 481-495.
Triantis, K. A., M. Mylonas, K. Lika, and K. Vardinoyannis. 2003. A model for the species-area-habitat relationship. Journal of Biogeography 30: 19-27.
Triantis, K. A., M. Mylonas, M. D. Weiser, K. Lika, and K. Vardinoyannis. 2005. Species richness, environmental heterogeneity and area: a case study based on land snails in Skyros archipelago (Aegean Sea, Greece). Journal of Biogeography 32: 1727-1735.
Waide, R. B. 1991. The effect of Hurricane Hugo on bird populations in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23: 475-480.
Watson, D. M. 2003. Long-term consequences of habitat fragmentation - highland birds in Oaxaca, Mexico. Biological Conservation 111: 283-303.
Watson, J. E. M., R. J. Whittaker, and T. P. Dawson. 2004. Avifaunal responses to habitat fragmentation in the threatened littoral forests of south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Biogeography 31: 1791-1807.
Watson, J. E. M., R. J. Whittaker, and D. Freudenberger. 2005. Bird community responses to habitat fragmentation: how consistent are they across landscapes? Journal of Biogeography 32: 1353-1370.
Whittaker, R. J. 1998. Island biogeography - ecology, evolution, and conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Wiens, T. 1974. Habitat heterogeneity and avian community structure in North American grasslands. The American Midland Naturalist 91: 195-213.
Wiggins, D. A., and A. P. Møller. 1997. Island size, isolation, or interspecific competition? The breeding distribution of the Parus guild in the Danish archipelago. Oecologia 111: 255-260.
Wiley, J. W., and J. M. Wunderle, Jr. 1993. The effects of hurricanes on birds, with special reference to Caribbean islands. Bird Conservation International 3: 319-349.
Williams, C. B. 1943. Area and the number of species. Nature 152: 264-267.
Willson, M. F., T. L. De Santo, and K. E. Sieving. 2003. Red squirrels and predation risk to bird nests in northern forests. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81: 1202-1208.
Wunderle, J. M., Jr., D. J. Lodge, and R. B. Waide. 1992. Short-term effects of Hurricane Gilbert on terrestrial bird populations on Jamaica. The Auk 109: 148-166.
Yaukey, P. H. 2008. Effects of Hurricane Katrina on the urban resident landbirds of New Orleans, Louisiana. The Condor 110: 158-161.
Zamora, R. 1990. Nest-site selection of the common wheatear in high mountain areas of southeastern Spain. The Wilson Bulletin 102: 178-180.
Zar, J. H. 1999. Biostatistical analysis, 4th edition. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
2008年版台灣鳥類名錄。 http://www.bird.org.tw/docs/TaiwanBirdChecklist.htm。
TDB防災颱風資料庫網頁系統。 http://rdc28.cwb.gov.tw/data.php。
UrMap你的地圖網。 http://www.urmap.com/。
中央氣象局－南部氣象服務。 http://south.cwb.gov.tw/index1.php。
王智聖。 2002。 都市公園生態空間特性之研究－以台南市公園鳥類為例。 國立成功大學都市計劃學系碩士論文，台灣。
台南市建物門牌查詢系統。 http://address.tncg.gov.tw/。
台南市政府全球資訊網。 http://www.tncg.gov.tw/tour.asp?sub1=01&sub2=01。
台灣三角點TWD67座標表 Taiwan Triangulation Points Coordinates。 http://jidanni.org/geo/taiwan_datums/triangpts/twd67/index.html。
林利貞。 1998。 高雄市公園環境與鳥類群聚之相關研究。 國立高雄師範大學生物科學研究所碩士論文，台灣。
保育類野生動物名錄。 http://nature.tesri.gov.tw/tesriusr/internet/wildlist.cfm?Kind=1。
洪嘉聰。 2005。 公園環境與鳥類群聚關係之研究－以台南市公園為例。 國立成功大學建築學系碩士論文，台灣。
胡景程。 2008。 台灣南部地區都市環境鳳頭蒼鷹之巢位棲地選擇。 國立屏東科技大學野生動物保育研究所碩士論文，台灣。
涂芳美。 2000。 都市公園生物多樣性之研究—以台北市大安森林公園為例。 私立東海大學景觀學系碩士論文，台灣。
國家災害防救科技中心。 http://ncdr.nat.gov.tw/chinese/source/disasterindex.htm。
許皓捷。 2003。 台灣山區鳥類群聚的空間及季節變異。 國立台灣大學動物學研究所博士論文，台灣。
曾如玉。 2004。 南台灣地區都會公園鳥類群聚整合性指標之研發。 國立高雄師範大學生物科學研究所碩士論文，台灣。