太極拳運動為中國傳統武術運動之一，主張陰陽調合與同時提升身體與心靈之能力。太極拳動作特性緩慢，適合老人從事，對於中老年人有養生及降低跌倒機率之功效。在以生物力學的角度分析太極拳拳架的下肢動作與前推運動之研究中，得知太極拳運動特性是低重心、需要較好的整體肌肉關節協調性、符合人體運動鏈與動力鏈、有較大的關節活動範圍。目前太極拳生物力學方面較缺乏三維空間的動作分析、兩塊測力板測量雙腳地面反作用力、上肢及下肢大肌肉之肌肉活化度等生物力學之相關研究。推手是太極拳重要的一環，但是關於太極推手之研究卻相當稀少。故本研究以8台高速攝影機、兩塊測力板與表面肌電儀測量與分析一位經驗豐富之太極師傅在做太極推手攻與防時之生物力學參數。結果指出太極師傅面對對手推來之力時，重心會往後腳及向下移動，以後腳做抵擋不被推出；師傅在使用一般推法時，全程使用較多腰部與上半身之肌力，且無法推出對手。但太極推法全程是後腳之股直肌持續的高肌電，上肢肌電於推出對手瞬間才有明顯的變化，並且後腳之垂直與水平分力值較一般推法低卻能推出對手；化打法因先承受對手推來之力再縮腹扭腰化勁推開對手，因而豎腰肌之肌電值較上肢肌電高，並且也因承受對手推力，後腳承受之力量較太極推法大。無論是抵擋、太極推法、化打法，皆符合拳論中「其根在腳、發於腿、主宰於腰、形於手指」之道理。由於經驗豐富之太極推手師傅難尋，建議之後可找較多的無太極經驗者與稍有經驗者做較大樣本之生物力學與統計分析的比較，盼能找到更多穩定重心避免跌倒的機制，並給太極拳初學者作為循序漸進的學習參考。

Tai Chi (or Tai Chi Chuan, Taijiquan) is a kind of physical exercise developed from traditional Chinese martial arts. Tai Chi exercise is suitable for the elderly because it has been proven to be effective in preserving health and decreasing the risk of falling. Biomechanical analyses of the lower limbs and pushing movements of Tai Chi forms have shown the characteristics of Tai Chi exercise including lower center of gravity (COG), whole body coordination, conforming to kinetic chain, and larger range of motion. To date, biomechanical researches of Tai Chi lack three-dimension motion analysis, ground reaction force measurement on each foot, and activation patterns of major muscle groups. In addition, although Push Hands are more advanced movements, no biomechanical analyses of interactive Push Hands have been found.
To analyze the kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic characteristics of Tai Chi Push Hands, an experienced master was asked to defend and attack against two other subjects for three trials. Movements were videotaped and digitized using a motion analysis system with electromyography and two force plates.
The results indicate that when the master encountered pushing forces from the opponents, his COG moved downward and toward the rear foot to defend. During normal pushing, the master used his lumbar and upper limbs muscle to push, but could not move the opponents. In Tai Chi pushing, the master’s rear rectus femoris was highly activated during the whole movement process, but the upper limbs were only activated at the instant of pushing over the opponent. Although the vertical and horizontal force components of the rear foot in Tai Chi pushing were lower than those in normal pushing, the master could push over the opponent by Tai Chi pushing. In the evading with pushing technique, because the master first received the pushing force from the opponent, and then contracted his abdomen with twisting his waist to push over the opponent. The master’s erector spinae activation was higher than those in the upper limbs. Moreover, in this technique the ground reaction force on the rear foot is higher than that in Tai Chi pushing because the master received an additional pushing force from the opponent.
Regardless of the variety in Push Hands skills including resisting, pushing, or the evading with pushing techniques, they are conformed to the martial arts classics: “root on the feet, create force from the legs, be controlled by the lumbar, and finally appear in the fingers.” Because well experienced Tai Chi masters are rarely seen, the suggested future work is to recruit more non- and slightly experienced subjects for biomechanical comparison and statistical analysis. It is expected that the mechanisms for balance maintenance and falls prevention can be found, which will be valuable information for the elderly and Tai Chi novices.

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