君士坦丁（Constantine）（b.275~280-d.337；r.306-337）被公認為是歐洲上古晚期最重要的皇帝之一，他延續並完成了戴克里先（Diocletian）（b.243~245-d.311；r.284-305）的事業，在他的一生之中，曾做下二個重要決定：興建君士坦丁堡、支持基督教，不過他完成的事業對羅馬世界貢獻雖然不少，但相對的其爭議性也高。基督教會曾經一度將他捧至雲端，稱他是耶穌的第十三個門徒，對基督教的發展影響重大；他的敵人對他也有頗多攻擊，甚至認為他是個貪婪浪費的暴君。但不論是褒是貶，都無法否認他對整個世界的重要性與對歷史的影響力。在他的志業當中，最為人所熟悉的莫過於他對提倡基督教的成就。雖然他推行基督教的動機眾說紛紜，可能帶有利用宗教來統一政治的私心，但一般公認他的確是一個虔誠的信徒，這應該是較少有爭議的一點。

要介紹君士坦丁的一生，就要往前追溯至當時羅馬帝國在戴克里先主導下的四權政治與戴克里先時期對基督教的迫害行動。四權政治是君士坦丁崛起的背景，而戴克里先的大迫害對基督教徒而言，雖然說最後是有了一個和平的結果，但對本來一直被外在壓力所壓制的基督教會而言，卻帶來了一些教會內部的歧異與爭端。這些歧異包括了東方的亞流爭議與西方的多納吐斯爭議，都可以被看作是304到305年那場大迫害的後遺症。不同的起源、不同的發展、不同的組成強化了講希臘文的東方基督教徒與講拉丁文的西方基督教徒的差異。這些教派的衝突到了君士坦丁時代愈趨明顯，君士坦丁身為第一個皈依基督教的羅馬皇帝，他以上帝的代理人自許，所以從他開始掌握權力一直到完全控制羅馬帝國期間，不僅致力於去建立一個統一的世俗帝國，在教會事務方面，也希望能達成宗教的精神一統，所以處理異端與分離教會便成了君士坦丁的重要工作，他也一直非常努力，不但出錢、出力，甚至親自介入其中，但始終無法完全解決教會的爭議，這也許也是他一生的最大遺憾了。

本文將利用基督教史學、羅馬古典史學與當今學者的評論，作為主要的史料來源，試圖對君士坦丁的帝國與其宗教政策如何衝擊與影響轉型中的基督教會進行討論，冀望從君士坦丁的帝國宗教政策中，尋找基督教的發展脈絡，進而藉著君士坦丁對教會爭執之干預來瞭解當時的政教關係。將從君士坦丁的崛起背景―四權政治與宗教大迫害、君士坦丁的皈依與多納吐斯教派的爭執、東方教爭與尼西亞大公會議等數段落，來剖析君士坦丁這個羅馬帝國史上第一個基督教皇帝。

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參考書目（Bibliography）：

原典資料（Primary Texts）：

1.Eusebius of Casearea, The History of The Church
(trans. by G. A. Williamson)
（Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, rep.1986）
2.Eutropius, Breviarium (translated with an
introduction and commentary by H. W. Bird)
(Liverpool University Press, Liverpool,1993)
3.Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum (Edited and
translated by J. L. Creed)（Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1984）
4.Donatist Martyr Stories: The Church in Conflict
in Roman North Africa (translated with notes and
introduction by Maureen A. Tilley) (Liverpool
University Press, Liverpool, 1996)
5.Optatus, Against the Donatists (translated and
edited by Mark Edwards) (Liverpool University
Press, Liverpool, 1997)
6.Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus (translated with
an introduction and commentary by H. W. Bird)
(Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1994)
7.Zosimus. New History. A Translation with
Commentary by Ronald T. Ridley
(University of Sydney, Canberra, 1982)
8.The Book of Pontiffs（Liber Pontificalis）. The
ancient biographies of the first ninety Roman
bishops to AD715 (revised edition, translated
with an introduction by Raymond Davis) (Liverpool
University Press, Liverpool, 1989)

資料選輯（Collection of Sources）：

1.Samuel N.C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat (ed.)
Constantine: history, historiography, and legend
(Routledge, London/ NY, 1998)
2.Samuel N.C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat (ed.)
From Constantine to Julian: pagan and Byzantine
views. a source history (Routledge, London/ NY,
1996)
3.Naphthali Lewis & Meyer Reinhold: Roman
Civilization. Sourcebook II: The Empire (Harper
Torchbooks, Harper & Row, San Francisco/ London,
1955, rev. 1966)
4.J. Stevenson: A New Eusebius. Documents
illustrating the history of the Church to AD 337
(New Edition revised by W. C. Frend)(SPCK,London,
1987)

參考文獻（Secondary Literature）：

1.Timothy D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius
(Harvard UP, Cambridge, Mass. 1981)
------: From Eusebius to Augustine. Selected
Papers, 1982-1993 (Variorum, Ashgate, Aldershot,
1994)
2.Norman H. Baynes: Constantine the Great and the
Christian Church (2nd ed. with a preface by Henry
Chadwick) (published for the British Academy by
the Oxford University Press, London, 1931, rep.
1972)
3.Peter Brown: The World of Late Antiquity (Thames
& Hudson, London, 1971)
------: The Making of Late Antiquity (Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1978)
4.Jacob Burckhardt, The Age of Constantine the
Great (translated by Moses Hadas)
(Dorset Press, New York, 1989)
5.Averil Cameron: The Later Roman Empire( Harvard
University Press , Cambridge, Mass, 1993)
6.Henry Chadwick: “Conversion in Constantine the
Great”, Religious Motivation: Studies in Church
History 15 (ed. Derek Baker) (Oxford, 1978),
compiled in his Heresy and Orthodoxy in the Early
Church (Variorum, Ashgate, Aldershot, 1991)
7.W. H. C. Frend: Martyrdom and Persecution in the
Early Church. A Study of a Conflict from the
Maccabes to Donatists (Basil Blackwell, Oxford,
1965)
8.Robert M. Grant: Augustus to Constantine. The
Thrust of the Christian Movement into the Roman
World (Collins, London, 1971)
9.A.H.M. Jones: The Later Roman Empire, 2 Vols.
(Blackwell, Oxford, 1964, rev. 1986)
------: The Decline of the Ancient World
(Longman, London/ NY, 1966)
------: Constantine and the Conversion of Europe
(Medieval Academy of America 1978 Printed in USA,
reprinted 1982, 1985)
10.Bill Leadbetter: “Constantine”, in Philip
Esler (ed.) The Early Christian World vol. II
(Routledge, London/ NY, 2000) pp. 1069-1087
11.Ramsey MacMullen: Constantine (Croom Helm,
London/ NY/ Sydney, 1987)
12.R. A. Markus: “Christianity and Dissent in
Roman North Africa: Changing Perspective in
Recent Work”, Studies in Church History 9 (1972)
pp.21-36, compiled in his From Augustine to
Gregory the Great (Variorum, Ashgate, Aldershot,
1983)
13.Hans A. Pohlsander: The Emperor Constantine
(Lancaster Pamphlets) (Routledge, London, 1996)
14.David Rhorbacher: The Historians of Late
Antiquity (Routledge, London/ NY, 2002)
15.Chris Scarre: Chronicle of the Roman Emperors
(Thames & Hudson, London, 1995)

工具書（Reference Book）：

1.Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth (ed.): The
Oxford Classical Dictionary (third ed.) (Oxford
University Press, Oxford/ NY, 1996)
2.A. H. M. Jones, J. R. Martindale & J. Morris: The
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire I AD
260-395 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1971)

網路資源：

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04295c.htm
http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm
http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_wpf/con-hist.html
http://www.britannia.com/history/bb324.html
http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/constantine.html
http://sangha.net/messengers/Constantine.htm
http://search.eb.com/eb/print?eu=47856
http://search.eb.com/eb/print?eu=33867
http://www.ku.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/
E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Terminalia.html

中文資料：

1.王任光《羅馬帝國與基督教》台灣學生書局，台北市，
民66。
2.漢斯•波爾桑德（Hans A. Pohlsander）著，許綬南譯《君士坦丁》麥田出版社，台北
市，民88。
3.華爾克原著，謝受靈、趙毅之翻譯，《基督教會史》（基督教文藝出版社，1970年5月初版，1982年8月七版）