404/3年的「三十僭主」是雅典在五世紀末第二次出現的寡頭政權，其出現的原因為雅典在伯羅奔尼撒戰爭（Peloponnesian War, 431- 404 BCE）中的徹底失敗。這場長期的戰事不僅大量消耗雅典的人力與物力，也讓雅典人民（demos）在415-413年的西西里島遠征挫敗之後，再次質疑民主政治是否真能為他們帶來最大的利益。而戰敗所帶來的後遺症，迫使雅典不得不接受斯巴達所提出來的和平協議，並在他們的干涉主導下，成立帶有強烈寡頭色彩的「三十僭主」政權。隨著「三十僭主」的統治日趨暴力激進，終於引爆雅典內部民主派與寡頭份子之間的劇烈衝突，並對雅典造成難以磨滅的傷痕。

　　然而，當內戰結束，衝突的雙方願意為了維護城邦共同的利益—雅典「民主社區」的完整—放棄報復，改以「和解特赦」作為解決問題的方式。雅典的民主再度恢復，只是有了先前的慘痛教訓，恢復後的民主顯得保守溫和許多。至於「三十僭主」統治期間的受害者，仍對其所遭受過迫害與損失無法釋懷，轉而在法庭中以種種可能的方式，尋求他們所應得的正義。而在這個過程中，雅典逐漸形成他們對這段歷史的記憶。另一方面，不能否認的是，「和解特赦」確實是符合雅典長期利益的做法，它有效地膠合了「三十僭主」激進統治與內戰衝突所製造出來的傷口，使得恢復民主後的雅典，民主政治更加堅實。

The Thirty Tyrants of 404/3 was the 2nd oligarchy in the 5th century Athens. It resulted from Athens’ total failure in the Peloponnesian War (431-404). This long war not only exhausted Athens but also made her citizens wondered if democracy would bring them the most benefit. A similar doubt like had happened, after the failure in the Sicily expedition in 415-413 which also ended with a short oligarchic regime.

In 404 when Athens was forced to accept the peace agreement proposed by Sparta, an oligarchy of “Thirty Tyrants” was founded under Sparta’s interference. As the rule ofThirty Tyrants became increasingly violent, it ignited a civil war between Athens’ democratic party in exile and the oligarchy party in power. The liquidation that happened in this oligarchic regime and the loss of many lives in the civil war left an indelible mark on the history of Athens.

However, as soon as the civil war ended, the two parties decided to give up any right of retaliation and chose reconciliation and amnesty to solve problems in order to preserve the integrity of Athens’ democratic community. The politeia of democracy was restored to Athens. This was accepted amid a comprehensive consensus about democracy and it was treasured because of previous painful lessons. Everything was conducted as if nothing untoward had happened. In contrast to this picture of reconciliation, there were victims who could not forget the persecution and losses they suffered. They decided to see justice done by all kinds of means they could find in the law court. It was during this process of different vectors, Athens’ sense of history was formed step by step. Yet this complex history was forgotten after the Athenians decided to go forward and affirmed that reconciliation and amnesty were the best way to meet Athens’ long-term interests. As a result this policy not only healed the political traumas but also created a democracy in the 4th century Athens that was stable and radical.

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