城市固體廢棄物焚化飛灰（Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash, MSWI FA）是垃圾焚化過程中的副產物，因其富含鈣和矽元素，是製備功能性鈣矽水合材料（Calcium Silicate Hydrate, CSH）的潛在原料。然而，飛灰中的重金屬、氯化物及硫酸鹽等雜質會對CSH的形成過程及其材料性能產生不利影響。因此，如何有效處理飛灰並將其轉化為高附加值材料是當前資源化研究的重要課題。本研究探討焚化飛灰經水熱反應及冷燒結技術（Cold Sintering Process, CSP）處理後的應用與材料特性，以期優化其資源化利用。對於輕質材料的應用，採用水熱反應技術，將經過水洗程序的飛灰（WFA）用於製備高壓蒸汽養護輕質氣泡混凝土（Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, AAC）。通過洗滌飛灰中的氯化物和部分重金屬可被有效去除，提升了材料的純度和反應性。實驗結果顯示，適量添加WFA低於40 wt.%時，可生成穩定的托貝莫來石(tobermorite)，顯著提升AAC的壓縮強度達15.98–17.79 MPa。此外，AAC樣本具有低密度、輕質結構的特性，提供優異的隔熱、防火和隔音等性能，適用於建築內牆和屋頂等結構輕量化設計。然而，當WFA添加量超過40 wt.%時，殘餘雜質對tobermorite的形成產生抑制作用，導致材料強度下降。另探討緻密材料的應用於冷燒結技術，是一種低溫高壓的冷燒結技術，聚焦於焚化飛灰在製備高密度陶瓷材料中。通過在300°C以下及312 MPa壓力下進行燒結，飛灰被固化為高密度陶瓷塊，同時顯著降低了重金屬的浸出率（鋅42.37%，鉛21.14%）。實驗顯示，CSP能生成穩定的鈣矽酸鹽相，例如Rankinite與Anorthite，這些相的形成有助於封存飛灰中的污染物並增強其結構穩定性，適用於建材中的堅硬板材及環境工程中的污染控制。這兩種材料的結合提供了多功能應用的新方向。輕質材料在建築隔熱與減輕建物重量中具有優勢，而緻密材料則能滿足強度高、耐用性和污染物固定的需求。未來研究可致力於結合這兩類技術，以開發具有輕質結構與緻密高強度的複合材料，同時擴展其應用於建築、環境工程及能源存儲等領域，實現焚化飛灰資源化的更高價值化利用。

This study combines hydrothermal reaction and cold sintering process (CSP) to utilize municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash to develop lightweight and high-density calcium silicate hydrate materials. The study found that hydrothermal reaction can effectively use washed fly ash (WFA) to produce lightweight aerated concrete (AAC). At the same time, CSP technology can convert fly ash into high-density ceramic blocks, effectively immobilizing heavy metals.
Addressed fly ash (WFA) can increase material density and compressive strength regarding AAC production. When the WFA addition is 40 wt%, the compressive strength can reach 15.98–17.79 MPa. Microstructural analysis shows that adding WFA affects porosity and pore size distribution.
Regarding CSP technology, the optimal conditions are a temperature of 300°C, a pressure of 312 MPa, a time of 60 minutes, a liquid ratio of 25 wt%, and a sodium carbonate addition of 9 wt%. Under these conditions, zinc and lead leaching rates decreased by 42.37% and 21.14%, respectively, meeting the regulatory limits of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). SEM observations show that the density of the fly ash block after CSP treatment significantly increased, and the internal structure showed an interwoven pattern.
This study provides an innovative approach to the resource utilization of fly ash and promotes the development of a circular economy. Future research suggests further optimizing CSP process parameters, conducting life cycle assessments, and exploring the application of such materials in green buildings and pollution control.

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