隨著科技發展人們對產品汰舊換新的速度越來越快，產生的汙染也對環境造成日益劇增的負擔。若無法正確回收及分類處理產品與廢棄品，此些物質將會對環境造成傷害，進而構成潛在威脅反撲人類健康。隨著社會環保意識抬頭、各國政府與組織的法規推動，與學者們的研究—「循環經濟」的概念開始廣為傳播，提倡製造業廠商在設計產品初期，即必須導入再生概念。自產品開發時期就該了解產品第一生命週期結束時，該回收什麼?然而，販售再製品雖然降低生產成本，但新品與再製品間也產生內部競爭，造成相互侵蝕的窘境，因此，廠商應該探討新、再製品間的定價策略，最大化其獲利。

本研究主要探討一原始設備製造商製造商（Original Equipment Manufacturer, OEM）之混合製造系統，同時生產新產品與再製品進行製造與銷售。藉由廠商投資於含有再生概念的模組化產品設計，提高回收的拆解性與再製生產過程零組件和部件的替代性，以強化自身回收能力、降低拆解成本或再製成本等產品再生活動的效益。同時，OEM可以制定投資於市場的回收價，以決定如何回收消費者手中結束生命周期之舊產品，並選擇最適當的回收策略配合生產策略。由於競爭的各種不確定性，本研究考慮三種情境作為延伸，並探討市場內部競爭與外部競爭的影響。研究發現，環保程度越高的市場越有利開發混合製造系統；再者，外部競爭會降低製造商的利潤，使得製造商考慮產品模組化的情況下也應注意市場零組件通用性之問題，但為了打造更友善地球的生產模式，兩者間的衡量成為製造商的首要課題。

關鍵詞:再製造、模組化產品設計、定價策略、循環經濟、混合製造系統

With the development of technology, human being tends to renew the old products rapidly, and environmental pollution is getting worse day by day. If we have done recycling and waste disposal properly, these toxic chemicals will not pose a threat to the world. With these serious environmental problems, governments start to enact the laws and regulations, and academia committed to improve environmental protection policy, such as "Circular Economy", which has been promoted in recent years.

This study investigates a hybrid remanufacturing system of original equipment manufacturer(OEM), which considers OEM producing new products and remanufacturing products at the same time. However, the manufacturer needs to decide the degree of modularity of new product and devise a recycling system to classify scrap into high quality core and low quality core. With many market uncertainties, this study develops into three scenarios: (i) Internal competition (ii) Cross product internal competition (iii) external competition, to determine the optimal degree of modularity and the price of remanufactured-products in each situation.

Research shows that the more environmental-friendly the market is, the more favorable it is to develop hybrid manufacturing systems. Moreover, external competitions will reduce the profits of OEM, OEM should also focus on the commonality of market components. But in order to create products in an earth-friendly way, the measurement between the two has become the primary issue for OEM.

Keywords: Remanufacturing, Hybrid Remanufacturing Systems, Product Design, Product policy, Circular economy

Agrawal, V. V., & Ülkü, S. (2013). The role of modular upgradability as a green design　strategy. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 15(4), 640-648.
Akturk, M. S., Abbey, J. D., & Geismar, H. N. (2017). Strategic design of multiple lifecycle products for remanufacturing operations. IISE Transactions, 49(10), 967-979.
Aras, N., Verter, V., & Boyaci, T. (2006). Coordination and priority decisions in hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing systems. Production and Operations Management, 15(4), 528-543.
Atasu, A., Sarvary, M., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2008). Remanufacturing as a marketing strategy. Management Science, 54(10), 1731-1746.
Bulmus, S. C., Zhu, S. X., & Teunter, R. (2014). Competition for cores in remanufacturing. European Journal of Operational Research, 233(1), 105-113.
Bulmuş, S. C., Zhu, S. X., & Teunter, R. H. (2014). Optimal core acquisition and pricing strategies for hybrid manufacturing and remanufacturing systems. International Journal of Production Research, 52(22), 6627-6641.
Cai, X., Lai, M., Li, X., Li, Y., & Wu, X. (2014). Optimal acquisition and production policy in a hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing system with core acquisition at different quality levels. European Journal of Operational Research, 233(2), 374-382
Chung, C. J., & Wee, H. M. (2008). Green-component life-cycle value on design and reverse manufacturing in semi-closed supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 113(2), 528-545.
Das, K., & Chowdhury, A. H. (2012). Designing a reverse logistics network for optimal collection, recovery and quality-based product-mix planning. International Journal of Production Economics, 135(1), 209-221.
Debo, L. G., Toktay, L. B., & Wassenhove, L. N. V. (2006). Joint life‐cycle dynamics of new and remanufactured products. Production and Operations Management, 15(4), 498-513.
Denizel, M., & Ferguson, M. (2009). Multiperiod remanufacturing planning with uncertain quality of inputs. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 57(3), 394-404.
DePuy, G. W., Usher, J. S., Walker, R. L., & Taylor, G. D. (2007). Production planning for remanufactured products. Production Planning and Control, 18(7), 573-583.
Desai, P., Kekre, S., Radhakrishnan, S., & Srinivasan, K. (2001). Product differentiation and commonality in design: Balancing revenue and cost drivers. Management Science, 47(1), 37-51.
Ferrer, G., & Swaminathan, J. M. (2010). Managing new and differentiated remanufactured products. European Journal of Operational Research, 203(2), 370-379.
Guide Jr, V. D. R., & Van, L. N. (2001). Managing product returns for remanufacturing. Production and Operations Management, 10(2), 142-155.
Guide Jr, V. D. R., Teunter, R. H., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2003). Matching demand and supply to maximize profits from remanufacturing. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 5(4), 303-316.
Han, S. H., Dong, M. Y., Lu, S. X., Leung, S. C., & Lim, M. K. (2013). Production planning for hybrid remanufacturing and manufacturing system with component recovery. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 64(10), 1447-1460.0
He, Y. (2015). Acquisition pricing and remanufacturing decisions in a closed-loop supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 163, 48-60.
Hatcher, G. D., Ijomah, W. L., & Windmill, J. F. C. (2011). Design for remanufacture: a literature review and future research needs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(17-18), 2004-2014.
Inderfurth, K. (2004). Optimal policies in hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing systems with product substitution. International Journal of Production Economics, 90(3), 325-343.
Kenné, J. P., Dejax, P., & Gharbi, A. (2012). Production planning of a hybrid manufacturing–remanufacturing system under uncertainty within a closed-loop supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 135(1), 81-93.
Krikke, H., le Blanc, I., van Krieken, M., & Fleuren, H. (2008). Low-frequency collection of materials disassembled from end-of-life vehicles: on the value of on-line monitoring in optimizing route planning. International Journal of Production Economics, 111(2), 209-228
Lee, C. K. M., & Lam, J. S. L. (2012). Managing reverse logistics to enhance sustainability of industrial marketing. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(4), 589-598.
Li, X., Li, Y., & Saghafian, S. (2012). A hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing system with random remanufacturing yield and market-driven product acquisition. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 60(2), 424-437.
Li, J., Liu, C., & Xiao, W. (2016). Modularity, lead time and return policy for supply chain in mass customization system. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 9(6), 1133-1153.
Liu, N., Choi, T. M., Yuen, C. W. M., & Ng, F. (2011). Optimal pricing, modularity, and return policy under mass customization. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, 42(3), 604-614.
Markowitz H M. (1959) Portfolio selection: efficient diversification of investments,
Wiley, New York.
Mukhopadhyay, S. K., & Setoputro, R. (2005). Optimal return policy and modular design for build-to-order products. Journal of Operations Management, 23(5), 496-506.
Mutha, A., Bansal, S., & Guide, V. D. R. (2016). Managing demand uncertainty through core acquisition in remanufacturing. Production and Operations Management, 25(8), 1449-1464.
Piran, F. A. S., Lacerda, D. P., Antunes, J. A. V., Viero, C. F., & Dresch, A. (2016). Modularization strategy: analysis of published articles on production and operations management (1999 to 2013). The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 86(1-4), 507-519.
Qu, X., & Williams, J. A. S. (2008). An analytical model for reverse automotive production planning and pricing. European Journal of Operational Research, 190(3), 756-767.
Robotis, A., Boyaci, T., & Verter, V. (2012). Investing in reusability of products of uncertain remanufacturing cost: The role of inspection capabilities. International Journal of Production Economics, 140(1), 385-395.
Savaskan, R. C., Bhattacharya, S., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2004). Closed-loop supply chain models with product remanufacturing. Management science, 50(2), 239-252.
Teunter, R. H., & Flapper, S. D. P. (2011). Optimal core acquisition and remanufacturing policies under uncertain core quality fractions. European Journal of Operational Research, 210(2), 241-248.
Vadde, S., Kamarthi, S. V., & Gupta, S. M. (2007). Optimal pricing of reusable and recyclable components under alternative product acquisition mechanisms. International Journal of Production Research, 45(18-19), 4621-4652.
Vadde, S., Zeid, A., & Kamarthi, S. V. (2011). Pricing decisions in a multi-criteria setting for product recovery facilities. Omega, 39(2), 186-193.
Wang, W., Wang, Y., Mo, D., & Tseng, M. M. (2017). Managing component reuse in remanufacturing under product diffusion dynamics. International Journal of Production Economics, 183, 551-560.
Wu, C. H. (2012). Product-design and pricing strategies with remanufacturing. European Journal of Operational Research, 222(2), 204-215.
Wu, C. H. (2013). OEM product design in a price competition with remanufactured product. Omega, 41(2), 287-298.
Xu, S. X., Lu, Q., & Li, Z. (2012). Optimal modular production strategies under market uncertainty: A real options perspective. International Journal of Production Economics, 139(1), 266-274.
Xu, X., Li, Y., & Cai, X. (2012). Optimal policies in hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing systems with random price-sensitive product returns. International Journal of Production Research, 50(23), 6978-6998.
Yang, C. H., Liu, H. B., Ji, P., & Ma, X. (2016). Optimal acquisition and remanufacturing policies for multi-product remanufacturing systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1571-1579.
Zhou, S. X., & Yu, Y. (2011). Optimal product acquisition, pricing, and inventory management for systems with remanufacturing. Operations research, 59(2), 514-521.