本研究為探討電弧爐各作業勞工PAHs暴露特徵、健康危害風險、勞工PAHs暴露與生物暴露指標之相關性、作業場所的粒徑分布。
本研究針對作業場所氣膠分布採樣、粒徑分布採樣、勞工個人PAHs採樣及皮膚貼布採樣加以評估；其中勞工個人採樣部分，係依工作階段及性質將其分成熔煉、裝料、盛鋼、澆鑄和維修作業等五個相似暴露族群，進行個人採樣。並配合勞工生物偵測，藉以探討勞工環境暴露值與生物偵測之相關性。
結果顯示電弧爐作業勞工所暴露到的Total-PAHs平均濃度分別為，熔煉：24,335 ng/m3、裝料：39,732 ng/m3、盛鋼：131,215 ng/m3、澆鑄：27,314 ng/m3和維修：27,953 ng/m3。高暴露族群為盛鋼作業，且勞工所暴露之PAHs以氣相為主要的暴露源，並以二和三環之低分子量PAHs為主。而其致肺癌與皮膚癌之風險分別介於1.83×10-3~8.29×10-3及3.57×10-4~6.31×10-4之間，因此針對電弧爐作業勞工之保護宜有呼吸暴露防範為優先進行。以各沉積部位來看，以肺泡區的PAHs濃度為最主要，因此在選用呼吸防護具時，應考慮可去除此粒徑之粉塵。在環境偵測與生物偵測方面，經由多變相線性回歸發現勞工的抽菸習慣、年資和性別均沒有顯著的意義，但結合個人呼吸道及皮膚之PAHs暴露量，可解釋87.7%，因暴露一天致尿中產生1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) 濃度的變異量。

The aim of the study is to investigate the characteristics, health risk, the relationship between personal exposures and biological monitoring results for electric arc furnaces workers associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposures.
We conducted size-segregating, and personal respiratory and dermal sampling on all selected workers whom were further divided into 5 categories of the pour on mold, shipment, ladle, metalluray, maintenance. In addition, biological monitoring was also conducted to investigate the relationship between personal exposure levels and biological monitoring results.
Results show that total-PAHs exposure levels for the five SEGs were: 24335, 39732, 131215, 27314 and 27953 ng/m3 respectively. The high exposure groups were those associated with electric arc furnaces works, which included the ladle. All personal exposures were mainly contributed by gaseous PAHs, which were dominated by the low molecular weight PAHs containing two to three aromatic rings. The estimated lung cancer and skin cancer risks for all investigated SEGs fell to the range 1.83×10-3-8.29×10-3, and 3.57×10-4-6.31×10-4, respectively, indicating that the preventing strategy should be focused on inhalatory exposures, rather than on the dermal exposures. By conducting multivariate linear regression analyses, this study found that worker’s smoking habit, age and sex were not significant, but through the combination of both personal respiratory and dermal exposures would be able to explain the 87.7% variations of workers’ urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP).

1.Agarwal, J.K. and Liu, B.Y.H.,“A criterion for accurate aerosol sampling in calm air,”Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 41: 191-197, 1980.
2.American Industrial Hygiene Association.,“A strategy for assessing and managing occupational exposures.”AIHA, Fairfax, VA: 52-53, 1998.
3.Angerer, J., Mannschreck, C., Gundel, J.,“Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a graphite-electrode producing plant: Biological monitoring of 1-hydroxypyrene and monohydroxylated metabolites of phenanthrene.”Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine 37 (2): 99, 1997.
4.Bartok, W., Sarofim, A.F.,“Fossil fuel combustion: A source book.”John Wiley ＆ Sons, Inc New York, 1991.
5.Bjfrseth, A., Ramahl, T.,“Sources and emission of PAHs.”Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.”Dekker. M. Inc New York, 1983.
6.Blumer, M., Blumer, W., Reich, T.,“Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of a moutain valley, correlation with highway traffic and cancer incidence.”Environ. Sci. Technol. 11: 1082-1084, 1977.
7.Boogaard, P.J., Sittert, N.J.,“Measurement of exposure to PAH in petrochemical industries by determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene.”Occup. and Environ. Med. 51: 250-258, 1994.
8.Boogaard, P.J., Sittert, N.J.,“Urinary 1-OHP as biomarker of exposure to PAHs in workers in petrochemical industries: baseline values and dermal uptake.”Sci. Total Environ. 163: 203-209, 1995.
9.Buchet, J.P., Gennart, J.P., Mercado, C.F., Delavignette, J.P., Cupers, L., Lauwerys, R.,“Evaluation of exposure to PAH in a coke production and graphite electrode manufacturing plant.”British Journal of Industrial Medicine 49: 761-768, 1992.
10.Christopher J.S., James G., Donald, G.,“Separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites by γ-cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection.”J. Chromatography A 803: 241-247, 1998.
11.Dias, J.R.,“ Handbook of polycyclic hydrocarbons: Part A: Benzenoid hydrocarbons.”Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987.
12.EPA.,“Health effects assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).”EPA/549/1-86-013., Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1984.
13.EPA.,“Pesticide assesment guidelines.”34-35, 1986.
14.EPA.,“Locating and estimating air emission from sources of polycyclic organic matter (POM).”Washington, DC, US Rnvironmental Protection Agency, EPA/45014/84-007, 1987.
15.EPA.,“IRIS substance file.”Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1989.
16.Feunekes, F.D.J.R., Jongeneelen, F.J., Laan, H.V.D., Schoonhof, F.H.G.,“Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among trainers in a fire- fighting training facility.”Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine 36 (4): 154, 1997.
17.Frenklach, M., Clary, D.W., Yuan, T., Gardine, C.W., Stein, S. E.,“Effect of fuel structure on pathway to soot.”Combust Sci Technol 74: 283-289, 1988.
18.Grimmer, G.,“Environmental carcinogens: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.”Environ. Sci. Technol. 24: 1581-1588, 1983.
19.Gillbert, R.O.,“Statistical methods for environmental pollution monitoring.” New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987.
20.Hansen, E.S.,“Mortality of mastic asphalt workers.”Scand J Work Environ. Health 17: 20-24, 1991.
21.Hewet, P., Ganser, G.H.,“Simple procedures for calculation confidence intervals around the sample mean and exceedance fraction derived from lognormally distributed data.”Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 12:132-142, 1997.
22.Hussain, M., Rae, J., Gilman, A., Kauss, P.,“Lifetime health-risk assessment from exposure of recreational users to PAHs.”Arc. Environ. Contam. Toxixol. 35: 527-531, 1998.
23.IARC.,“Polynuclear aromatic compounds Part 1: Chemical, environmental and experimental data.”Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1983.
24.Igor, B., Hans, K., Timo, K., Pirjo, H., Paolo, B.,“Statistical modelling of the determinants of historical exposure to bitumen and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among paving workers.”Ann. Occup. Hyg. 44 (1): 43-56, 2000.
25.Jongeneelen, F.J., Anzion, R.B.M., Henderson, P.T.,“Determination of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine.”J Chromatogr 413: 227-232, 1987.
26.Jongeneelen, F.J.,“Ambient and biological monitoring of coke oven workers: determination of internal does of PAHs.“Brit J Ind. Med. 47: 454- 461, 1990.
27.Jongeneelen, F.J.,“Benchmark guideline for urinary 1-Hydroxypyreneas biomarker of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.”Ann. Occup. Hyg. 45: 3-13, 2001.
28.Kalberlah, F., Frijus, P.N., Hassauer, M.,“Toxicological criteria for the risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in existing chemical. Part 1: the use of equivalent factors.”Altlasten-Spektrum 5: 231-237, 1995.
29.Kang, D., Rothman, N., Cho, S.H., Lim, H.S., Kwon, H.J., Kim, S.M., Schwartz, B., Strickland, P.T.,“Association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (estimated from job category) with concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide in urine from workers at a steel plant.”Occup. Environ. Med. 52:593-599, 1995a.
30.Kuusimaki, L., Peltonen, K., Mutanen, P., Savela, K.,“Analysis of particle vapour phase PAHs from the personal air samples of bus garage workers exposed to diesel exhaust.”Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47(4): 389, 2003.
31.Kishida, T., Yuasa, G., Shiina, K.,“Energy saving technology of electric furnace steelmaking in Japan.”SEAISI Quarterly 48-50, 1987.
32.Kenneth, E.C.,“A review of new furnace technologies.”Iron and Steel Engineer 45-47, 1983.
33.Kuijt, J., García, R.C., Stroomberg, G.J., Marina, M.L., Ariese, F., Brinkman, U.A.T., Gooijer, C., “Laser-induced fluorescence detection at 266 nm in capillary electrophoresis polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in biota”J. Chromatography A 907: 291-299, 2001.
34.Lafontaine, M., Payan, J.P., Delsaut, P., Morele, Y.,“Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in an artificial shooting target factory: Assessment of 1-hydroxypyrene urinary excretion as a biological indicator of exposure.”Ann. Occup. Hyg. 44 (2): 89-100, 2000.
35.Lee, M.L., Novotny, M.V., Bartie, K.D.,“Analytical chemistry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.”New York: Academic Press, 1981.
36.Levin, J.O., Rhén, M., Sikström, E.,“Occupational PAH exposure: urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels of coke oven workers, aluminium smelter pot-room workers, road pavers, and occupationally non-exposed persons in Sweden.”Sci. Total Environ. 163: 169-177, 1995.
37.Malcolm, H.M., Dobson, S.,“The calculation of an environmental assessment level (EAL) for atmospheric PAHs using relative potencies. Department of the Environment, London, UK 34-46, 1994.
38.Menzie, C.A., Potocki, B.B., Santodonato, J.,“Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment.”Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:1278-1284, 1992.
39.Monarca, S., Pasquini, R., Scassellati, G., Savino, A., Bauleo, F.A., Angeli, G., “Environmental monitoring of mutagenic/carcinogenic hazards during road paving operation with bitumens.”Int Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 59: 393-402, 1987.
40.Muller, P., “Scientific criteria document for multimedia standards development polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Part 1: Hazard Identification and dose-response assessment.”Ontario, CN: Standard Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1997.
41.Nadon, L., Siemiatycki, J.,“Cancer risk due to occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.”Am. J. Ind. Med. 28:303-324, 1995.
42.NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods.,“Polynucleat aromatic hydrocarbons by Gravimetric method.”3ed (1) 5023, 1985.
43.NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods.,“Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by GC”4ed (1) 5515, 1994.
44.Nisbet, C., LaGcy, P.,“Toxic equivalency factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.”Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 16: 290-300, 1992.
45.Omland, O., Sherson, D., Hansen, M., Singsgaard, T., Autrup, H., Overgarrd, R.,“Exposure of iron foundry workers to PAHs: BaP-albumin adducts and 1-OHP as biomarker for exposure.”Occup. Environ. Hyg. 51: 513-518, 1994.
46.Perico, A., Gottardi, M., Boddi, V., Bavazzano, P., Lanciotti, E., “Assessment of exposure to PAHs in police in Florence, Italy, through personal air sampling and biological monitoring of the urinary metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene.”Arch. Environ. Health 56 (6): 506-512, 2001.
47.Pott, F.,“Pyrolyseabgase PAH, Lungkrebsrisk-daten und bewertung (in German).”STAUB-Reinhalt. Luft, 45 (7): 369-379, 1985.
48.Pott, P., Chirurgical Observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the cancer of the Scrotum, the different kinds of Ruptures, and the Mortification of Toes and Feet, Hawes, W Clarke, and R Collins, London, 1775.
49.Rihs, H.P., Pesch, B., Kappler, M.,“Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in German industries: Association between exogenous exposure and urinary metabolites and its modulation by enzyme polymorphisms.”Toxicology Letters 157 (3): 241-255, 2005.
50.Rodrics, J.V., Brett, S.M., Wrenn, G.C.,“Significant risk decisions in Federal regulatory agencies.”Regul Toxicol Parmocol 7:307-320, 1987.
51.Siwińska, E., Mielżyńska, D., Smolik, E., Bubak A, Kwapuliński J., “Evaluation of intraand interindividual variation of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.”Sci. Total Environ. 217:175-183, 1998.
52.Strickland, P., Kang, D., Sithisarankul, P.,“Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in urine as biomarkers of exposure and effect.” Environ. Health Perspect 5: 927-32, 1996.
53.Strickland, P., Kang, D.,“Urinary 1-OHP and other PAH metabolites as biomarkers of exposures to environmental PAH in air particulate matter.” Toxicology Letters 108: 191-199, 1999.
54.Sram, R, Binkova, B.,“Molecular epidemiology studies on occupational and environmental exposure to mutagens and carcinogens.”Environ. Health Perspect 108 (1): 57-70, 2000.
55.Tsai, P.J., Shieh, H.Y., Lee, W.J., Lai, S.O.,“Health-risk assessment for workers exposure to PAHs in a carbon black manufacturing industry” Sci. Total Environ. 278: 137-150, 2001c.
56.Tsai, P.J., Shieh, H.Y., Lee, W.J., Lai, S.O.,“Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of internal dose of PAHs in carbon black workers.”Ann. Occup. Hyg. 46: 229-235, 2002b.
57.Tucek, M., Krysl, S., Maxa, K., Mohyluk, I., Seberova, E.,“Some aspects of health risk assessment of manufactured gas plant.”Toxicology Letters 95: 99, 1998.
58.Tuominen, J., Salomss, S., Pyysalo, H.,“Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and genotoxicity in particulate and vapor phases of ambient air: effect of traffic season, and meteorological conditions.”Environm. Sci. & Technology 22: 1228-1234, 1988.
59.Udo, K., Wolfgang, K.,“Separation of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography”J. Chromatography A 774: 193-201, 1997.
60.Van Rooij, G.M., Bodelier-Bade, M.M., Jongeneeien, F.J.,“Estimation of individual dermal and respiratory uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 12 coke oven workers.”Brit J Ind. Med. 50: 623-632, 1993.
61.WHO/IPCS.,“Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.” Environ. Health Criteria 202. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998.
62.World Health Organization.,“Air quality guideline for Europe, second edition.”WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 91, 2000.
63.Xin, X., Hurtubise R.J.,“Influence of organic solvents in the capillary zone electrophoresis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites.”J. Chromatography A 829: 289-299, 1999.
64.Yang, H.H., Lai, S.O., Hsieh, L.T.,“Profiles of PAH emission from steel and iron industries.”Chemosphere 48: 1061-1074, 2002.
65.三浦豊彥、齊藤一、狩野廣之、藤本武–多田治“新勞動衛生(4)增補第四版” 勞動科學研究所：527~703，1992。
66.尤建華、江鴻龍、蔣本基“苯化合物熱解過程中PAHs與碳煙粒狀物的生成探討”第十屆空氣污染控制技術研討會論文集，高雄：185~192，1993。
67.王櫻芳“瀝青拌合至鋪面過程各階段之PAHs逸散特徵與鋪面勞工之暴露危害評估”國立成功大學環境醫學研究所碩士論文，2002。
68.朱宏毅“電弧爐煉鋼廠處理廢乾電池試驗計畫” 行政院環境保護署：41~47，2001。
69.李文智“煙道手動檢測致癌性多環芳香族碳氫化合物檢測方法建立與驗證計畫”工業技術研究院專題研究計畫期末報告，1996。
70.李建德“以毛細管電泳分離尿液中多環芳香碳氫化合物之代謝物”私立高雄醫學大學職業安全衛生研究所碩士論文，2004。
71.林昌憶“都市焚化爐拆爐作業員工之多環芳香烴碳氫化合物暴露危害評估”國立成功大學環境醫學研究所碩士論文，2003。
72.徐昌宏“煉焦工人暴露空氣多環芳香烴化合物與其代謝物之相關性研究”私立高雄醫學大學職業安全衛生研究所碩士論文，2003。
73.莊國揚“道路鋪築作業之多環芳香烴碳氫化合物逸散特徵及勞工暴露評估”國立陽明大學環境衛生研究所碩士論文，2003。
74.蔡朋枝、李文智“勞工作業環境PAHs採樣及分析技術之開發”行政院勞委會勞工安全衛生研究所，2000。
75.游文俊、李俊德、李文智“鍋爐煙道廢氣排放多環芳香烴化合物之特徵”第十三屆空氣污染控制技術研討會論文集：721~728，1996。
76.經濟部工業局 “電弧爐煉鋼業環保工安整合性技術手冊”9~23，2000。
77.鋼鐵公會資訊中心 “電爐設備工廠、容量及座數統計表”[Online]. Available: http://www.tsiia.org.tw/c_s10_1.asp，2002。