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研究生：	楊慧君 Yang, Hui-Chun
論文名稱：	母嬰互動對彼此發音質量之影響 The Mutual Effect of the Vocalization Quality and Quantity in Mother-infant Dyads
指導教授：	陳麗美 Chen, Li-Mei
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	文學院 - 外國語文學系碩士在職專班 Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (on the job class)
論文出版年：	2006
畢業學年度：	94
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	163
中文關鍵詞：	嬰兒發音、母嬰互動
外文關鍵詞：	mother-infant interaction, infant vocalization
相關次數：	點閱：116 下載：2
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　　本研究旨在探討嬰兒獨處時及嬰兒與母親在互動情形中兩方發音之質與量的表現。十對嬰兒與母親，從嬰兒滿三個月起，每二週在家中進行錄音一次，連續三個月。每回錄音時間二十分鐘，分為兩個十分鐘的段落。第一段落前五分鐘嬰兒獨處，後五分鐘母親與嬰兒正常地互動﹔第二段落則相反，前五分鐘母親與嬰兒互動，後五分鐘讓嬰兒獨處。
　　本研究的語料經由語音光譜學的分析，以嬰兒及母親在錄音過程中實際發音的時間比率來定義發音量。至於發音的質，嬰兒發音的質依賴轉寫者根據其近似說話聲的程度高低，分為近說話音(syllabic sounds)及非說話音(vocalic sounds)﹔母親的發音則依據內容區分為有實際語言內容的說話聲(verbal sounds)及無實質內容的的發音聲(nonverbal sounds)。
　　本研究的主要發現如下﹕
1﹑嬰兒獨處時的發音量較其與母親互動時為多。
2﹑母親在場與否對嬰兒說話的質有影響。嬰兒獨處時，其發音以非說話音(vocalic sounds)居多﹔與母親互動時則以近說話音(syllabic sounds)為主。
3﹑母親發音的質(verbal and nonverbal sounds)對嬰兒發音的質(syllabic and vocalic sounds)無影響。
4﹑母親回應嬰兒近說話音與非說話音的頻率無明顯差距，但回應嬰兒的近說話音(syllabic sounds)時，母親多用說話聲(verbal sounds)，而回應嬰兒的非說話音時，母親主要使用發音聲(nonverbal sounds)。
5﹑嬰兒與母親的發音量只有在嬰兒三個月大時呈現正相關，在其他月份並無關聯。
　　本研究的結果顯示出嬰兒在三個月大時，已有能力用不同的發音質量表現回應周遭不同的社交環境。嬰兒早期的母嬰互動已有社交意義，嬰兒已被母親視為對話的對象，而母嬰雙方在互動過程中，都會隨對方的發音表現而調整己方的發音內容。而本研究對於嬰兒在不同互動狀況下的發音量的觀察結論，也可供未來研究嬰兒發音者需取得語料時在方法學上的參考。

　The present study focused on the vocalization performance of infants and mothers under social and nonsocial circumstances. Ten mother-infant dyads were tape-recorded biweekly at home from 0; 3 to 0; 5. The observation was separated into two 10-minute periods. In the first period, the infant was left alone in the first 5 minutes, and then interacted with the mother in the last 5 minutes. The procedure reversed in the second period; the mother interacted with the infant in the first 5 minutes, and left the infant alone in the last 5 minutes.
　The data was analyzed spectrographically to determine the quantity of infants’ and mothers’ vocalization. The quantity of vocalization was determined according to the actual time duration of vocalizing. Infants’ vocalization quality were determined perceptually and were categorized into syllabic and vocalic sounds primarily based on the degree of speechlikeness, and mothers’ vocalization quality were coded as verbal (with context) and nonverbal (without context) vocalization.
　The main findings of the study were: (1) Infants were found to vocalize statistically more when alone than when accompanied by the mothers. (2) Mothers’ presence affected the quality of infants’ vocalization. When the infants were alone, they produced more vocalic sounds; when they were with the mothers, they produced overall more speechlike syllabic sounds. (3) Mothers’ vocalization quality made no difference to infant’s choice of syllabic or vocalic sounds. (3) As for the mothers, they responded equally frequently to infants’ syllabic and vocalic sounds; however, they produced more verbal utterances in responding to infants’ syllabic sounds, and more nonverbal sounds in responding to infants’ vocalic sounds. (4) Infants and mothers’ vocalization quantity were found positively correlated only at infants’ third month.
　The result demonstrated that infants as young as 3 months could detect the social environment around them and present differentiated vocalization quantity and quality to adjust the circumstances. Early mother-infant interaction is socially meaningful; infants were perceived and treated by the mothers as a partner in conversation, and both parts in the dyad were able to adjust their vocalization behavior as that of the partner changed. The finding on the quantity of infants’ vocalization can be contributing to the methodology design for future studies that require sufficient infant vocalization data.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract (Chinese)	i
Abstract (English)	ii
Acknowledgements	iii
Table of Contents	v
List of Tables	viii

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION  001
  Motivation of the Study  008
  Research Questions  011
  Definition of Terms  012
  Organization of the Study	 015

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW  016
  The Threshold of Vocalization in Early Infancy  016
  The Quantity of Infant Vocalization under Social/ Nonsocial Circumstances 020
  Classification of the Quality of Infant Vocalizations  024	           
  The Quality of Infant Vocalization in MP Contexts  029
  Maternal Responsiveness to Infant Vocalizations  034
  Maternal Effect on the Quantity of Infant Vocalizations  034
  Summary  037

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY	 038
  Pilot Study  039
    Motivation of the Study	 039
    Participants  039
    Materials  040
    Procedures  040
    Result  042
    Discussion  051
    Implications for the Present Study  055
  Participants  055
  Materials  057
  Procedures  058
  The Coding of Infant Vocalizations  061
  The Coding of Maternal Vocalizations  065
  Reliability of the Categorization System  067
  Analysis  068

CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS  072
  Research Question One  072
    Quantity of infant Vocalization in MA and MP  072
    Quality of Infant Vocalization in MA and MP  082
  Research Question Two  085
    Quality of Infants’ Vocalization in Response to Maternal Utterances  085
    Quality of Maternal Response to Infants’ Vocalization  087
    Quantity of Maternal Responses to Infants’ Syllabic and Vocalic Sounds 091
  Research Question Three  099
    Correlation between the Quantity of Infant Vocalizations and 
    Maternal Vocalizations  099

CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION  105
  Discussion of Main Findings  105
    Research Question One  105
      Quantity of Infant Vocalization in MA and MP  105
      Quality of Infant Vocalization in MA and MP  111
    Research Question Two  114
     Quality of Infants’ Vocalization in Response to Maternal Utterances  114
     Quality of Maternal Response to Infants’ Vocalization  116
     Quantity of Maternal Responses to Infants’Syllabic and Vocalic Sounds 117
    Research Question Three	122
      Correlation between the Quantity of Infant Vocalizations and       
      Maternal Vocalizations  122
  General Discussion  126
  Conclusions  132

REFERENCE	  136

APPENDICES  144
APPEXDIX A: Vocalization quantity of all the infants  144
APPENDIX B: Number of infants’ syllabic/vocalic sounds esponded/unresponded by mother in MP periods  146
APPENDIX C: The responded rate of the infants’syllabic/ vocalic sounds 	148
APPENDIX D: Number of infant’s syllabic/vocalic vocalization responding to mother’s verbal/nonverbal utterances  150
APPENDIX E: Ratio of infant’s syllabic/vocalic vocalization responding to mother’s verbal/nonverbal utterances  152
APPENDIX F: Number of mother’s verbal/nonverbal utterances responding to infant’s syllabic/vocalic sounds mother in MP periods	 154
APPENDIX G: Ratio of mother’s verbal/nonverbal utterances to infant’s syllabic/vocalic sounds  156
APPENDIX H: Number of infants’ syllabic/vocalic sounds  158
APPENDIX I: The quantity of mothers' vocalization  160
APPENDIX J: A sample of the written transcription of the recording data 	162

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE	
1  Pilot study: Infant A’s vocalizations in number of syllables  043
2  Pilot study: Infant A’s vocalizations in syllables as a ratio of MP to MA 043
3  Pilot study: Infant A’s vocalization counted in two-second intervals 044
4  Pilot study: Infant A’s vocalizations in 2-second intervals as a ratio of MP to MA  044
5  Pilot study: Infant B’s vocalizations in number of syllables	049
6  Pilot study: Infant B’s vocalizations in syllables as a ratio of MP to MA	049
7  Pilot study: Infant B’s vocalization counted in two-second intervals	051
8  Pilot study: Infant B’s ratio of infant vocalizations in MP to MA (in 2-sec intervals) 051
9  Facts about the participants  056
10 Vocalizations of infant A (expressed as percentages)	074
11 Vocalizations by infant A in MA and MP contexts (as averaged percentages)	074
12 A comparison of infant vocalizations in social/nonsocial situations  075
13 Infant vocalization rates as a factor of age 
   (a) Mean infant vocalization quantities in each month in MA and MP contexts 076
   (b) The comparison of pairs of vocalization quantities  077
14 Number of infant A’s vocalizations in response to maternal utterances	 085
15 Ratio of infant A’s vocalizations in response to maternal vocalizations  86
16 Number of mother’s verbal/nonverbal utterances responding to infant’s 
   syllabic/vocalic vocalization in the case of infant A  089
17 Ratio of mother’s verbal/nonverbal utterances responding to infant’s 
   syllabic/vocalic vocalization in the case of infant A  090
18 The number of the responded / unresponded vocalizations of infant A	091
19 The responded rate of infant A’s vocalization  092
20 Number of maternal responses and maternal response rate to infant vocalizations 	093
21 Correlation between the number of infant vocalizations and the number of 
   maternal vocalizations 	100
22 Correlation between the quantity of infant vocalizations and the quantity 
   of maternal vocalizations for each dyad	101


FIGURE CAPTION

FIGURE		
1   Pilot study: Infant A’s vocalization quantity at 3;01 (in syllables)	045
2   Pilot study: Infant A’s vocalization quantity at 3;01 (in  2-second units) 045
3   Pilot study: infant A’s vocalization quantity at 3; 15 (in syllables) 046
4   Pilot study: infant A’s vocalization quantity at 3; 15 (in 2-second units)  047
5   Pilot study: infant A’s vocalization quantity at 5; 07 (in syllables) 048
6   Pilot study: infant A’s vocalization quantity at 5; 07 (in 2-second units)  048
7   Pilot study: Infant B’s vocalization quantity at 5; 04 (in syllables) 050
8   Pilot study: Infant B’s vocalization quantity at 5; 04 (in 2-second units) 050
9   The spectrographic PRAAT picture file of infant A at 3; 13, (MA1)  063
10  The cut spectrographic PRAAT picture file of infant A at 3; 13, (MA1-cut)  063
11  Infant vocalizations in MA and MP contexts (in percentages)	075
12  (a) ~ (j)Individual infant’s mean vocalization quantity 	077
	(a) Vocalization quantity of Infant A (as percentages)	077
	(b) Vocalization quantity of Infant B (as percentages)	078
	(c) Vocalization quantity of Infant C (as percentages)	078
	(d) Vocalization quantity of Infant D (as percentages)	079
	(e) Vocalization quantity of Infant E (as percentages)	079
	(f) Vocalization quantity of Infant F (as percentages)	080
	(g) Vocalization quantity of Infant G (as percentages)	080
	(h) Vocalization quantity of Infant H (as percentages)	081
	(i) Vocalization quantity of Infant I (as percentages)	081
	(j) Vocalization quantity of Infant J (as percentages)	082
13  Total number of infant vocalizations in MA contexts  084
14  Total number of infant vocalizations in MP contexts  084
15  Ratio of infant responses to maternal vocalizations  087
16  Ratio of mothers’ responses to infant vocalizations  088
17  Responded Rates of infant vocalizations	094
    (a) Mother-infant Dyad A  094
    (b) Mother-infant Dyad B  094
    (c) Mother-infant Dyad C  095
    (d) Mother-infant Dyad D  095
    (e) Mother-infant Dyad E  096
    (f) Mother-infant Dyad F  096
    (g) Mother-infant Dyad G  097
    (h) Mother-infant Dyad H  097
    (i) Mother-infant Dyad I  098
    (j) Mother-infant Dyad J  098
18  Correlation of the quantity of infant and mother vocalizations (as percentages)  103
	(a) recoding data (infants at 3 months of age)   103
	(b) recording data (infants at 4 months of age)  103
	(c) recording data (infants at 5 months of age)  104
                                    

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校內：2008-12-22公開
校外：2008-12-22公開

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