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研究生： 蕭宇良
Hsiao, Yu-Liang
論文名稱： 整合ZnO 奈米結構與 PVDF-TrFE 聚合物壓電電子與壓電-黏彈性機制於先進能量轉換與觸覺感測技術
Synergistic Piezotronic and Piezo‑Visco Mechanisms by combining ZnO Nanostructures and PVDF-TrFE Polymer for Advanced Energy Conversion and Tactile Sensing
指導教授： 劉全璞
Liu, Chuan-Pu
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 材料科學及工程學系
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
論文出版年： 2025
畢業學年度： 113
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 118
中文關鍵詞： 壓電電子效應 、壓電黏彈機制 、氧化鋅奈米結構 、PVDF-TrFE 複合材料 、能量轉換 、觸覺感測
外文關鍵詞： Piezotronic effect, Piezo-visco mechanism, ZnO nanostructures, PVDF-TrFE composites, Energy conversion, Tactile sensing
相關次數： 點閱：102  下載：4 
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    • 壓電效應與半導體特性融合的壓電電子效應（Piezotronics）及壓電黏彈機制（Piezo-Visco）近年來逐漸成為材料科學領域的重要研究方向。本研究探討半導體奈米結構與聚合物複合材料中的壓電電子與壓電黏彈機制，旨在提升其在能量轉換與觸覺感測方面的效能。
    首先，本研究利用錫摻雜氧化鋅（Sb-ZnO）奈米柱陣列作為光電化學水分解系統的光陽極，透過壓電催化與摻雜效應的協同作用，成功將光電流密度提升154%。進一步實驗證實，施加的應變可調控界面肖特基能障高度，進而提高載子分離與傳輸效率，有效增強氧氣產率。此外，研究亦證明Sb摻雜可顯著放大壓電電位，提升材料壓電效能。
    其次，研究提出一種超低功耗、廣泛工作電壓窗口的電容式壓電電子觸覺感測元件。此元件通過直接量測壓電電荷誘導的電容變化，無需啟動蕭特基二極體，即可實現接近零電壓操作，顯著降低功耗並提高元件穩定性。此外，該感測器展現出極佳的抗摩擦電干擾能力，特別適用於機器人、義肢及穿戴式電子產品的觸覺感測應用。
    最後，研究針對PVDF-TrFE複合材料的壓電輸出進行了深入的黏彈性研究，發現透過調整外力頻率可有效誘導非對稱壓電響應，提升能量轉換效率，並特別適用於自充電鋰離子電池等先進能量儲存裝置。通過材料分析與機械特性量測，本研究闡明了黏彈效應與頻率依賴的應力變化對非對稱輸出訊號產生的影響。整體而言，本研究在壓電材料的機制理解、結構設計與應用性能提升方面提供了重要的學術貢獻與實踐價值，並提出未來進一步的研究方向。

    Integrating piezotronic and piezo-visco mechanisms in semiconductor nanostructures and polymer composites has emerged as a crucial frontier in materials science, significantly advancing energy conversion and tactile sensing applications. This dissertation systematically explores these synergistic mechanisms to enhance their efficiency and applicability.
    Firstly, this research employs antimony-doped zinc oxide (Sb-ZnO) nanorod arrays as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting—the synergistic effect between piezocatalysis and doping results in a remarkable 154% increase in photocurrent density. The application of external strain modulates the Schottky barrier height at interfaces, significantly improving charge carrier separation and transport efficiency, thereby enhancing oxygen evolution efficiency. Moreover, Sb doping amplifies piezoelectric potential, highlighting its pivotal role in augmenting piezoelectric performance.
    Secondly, an ultra-low-power capacitive piezotronic tactile sensor with a wide-operating-voltage window was developed. By directly measuring capacitance changes induced by piezocharges, the sensor eliminates the necessity of activating the Schottky diode, enabling near-zero bias operation and significantly reducing power consumption. This innovative design demonstrates excellent resistance to triboelectric interference, making it highly suitable for tactile sensing in robotics, prosthetics, and wearable devices.
    Finally, this study examines the viscoelastic properties of PVDF-TrFE composites, revealing that frequency-dependent mechanical stimuli can induce pronounced asymmetrical piezoelectric outputs, significantly enhancing the energy harvesting efficiency, especially beneficial in self-charging lithium-ion battery applications. Comprehensive materials characterization and mechanical testing elucidate the impact of viscoelastic effects and stress frequency variations on the asymmetric output signal.
    In conclusion, this research provides significant academic contributions and practical value in understanding piezoelectric mechanisms, structural design, and application performance improvements. Potential future research directions are also proposed.

    中文摘要 i Abstract ii Acknowledgments iii Table of Contents v List of Figures ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.1.1 The Demand for Renewable Energy and Advanced Sensing Technologies 1 1.1.2 The Emergence of Piezoelectric and Piezotronic Technologies 2 1.1.3 Motivation 4 1.2 Fundamentals of Piezoelectric and Piezotronic Effects 5 1.2.1 Piezoelectric Effect and Material Selection 5 1.2.2 Piezotronic Effect: Carrier Modulation via Piezoelectric Potential 6 1.3 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as a Piezotronic Material 8 1.3.1 Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of ZnO 8 1.3.2 Doping Effects on ZnO: Band Structure and Carrier Modulation 9 1.3.3 ZnO Nanostructures 10 1.4 PVDF-TrFE: A Piezoelectric Polymer 12 1.4.1 Phase Transitions and Piezoelectric Properties of PVDF-TrFE 12 1.4.2 Viscoelastic Behavior in PVDF-TrFE 14 Chapter 2 Literature Review 17 2.1 Fundamental Theories of Piezoelectric and Piezotronic Effects 17 2.1.1 Fundamentals of Charge Generation: Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Effects 17 2.1.2 Carrier Transport Modulation by Piezotronic Effect 18 2.2 Applications of Piezotronics in Energy Systems 20 2.2.1 Porous ZnO Thin Films for Enhanced Piezoelectric Nanogenerators 20 2.2.2 Piezotronic-Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 23 2.3 Advances in Piezotronic and Piezoelectric Sensing 25 2.3.1 Strain Sensors Utilizing Combined Piezoelectric and Piezotronic Effects 25 2.3.2 Piezo-Enhanced Capacitive Force Sensors 27 2.3.3 Piezo-Phototronic Enhancement of Gas Sensing 30 2.4 Advanced Applications of Viscoelastic Materials 32 2.4.1 Numerical Modeling of Viscoelastic Damping in Smart Sandwich Structures 32 2.4.2 Viscoelasticity and Self-Healing in Dynamic Covalent Polymers 33 Chapter 3 Experimental Methodology 36 3.1 Material Preparation and Characterization 36 3.1.1 Synthesis of ZnO, Sb‑ZnO Nanorods, and ZnO Thin-Film 36 3.1.2 Fabrication of PVDF‑TrFE Thin Films 36 3.2 Device Fabrication and Processing 37 3.2.1 Piezoelectric Nanogenerators (PENGs) Assembly 37 3.2.2 Electrical Contact and Device Packaging 37 3.3 Measurement Techniques 38 3.3.1 Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) 38 3.3.2 V‑t Curve and Photo-Current Density Measurements 40 Chapter 4 Sb‑Doped ZnO Piezo-Photoanode for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Material Characterization 42 4.2.1 Morphological Analysis 42 4.2.2 Crystalline Phase Identification 43 4.2.3 Elemental Composition and Chemical Bonding 44 4.3 Results and Discussion 46 4.3.1 Photoelectrochemical Measurements and Strain Effects 46 4.3.2 Energy Band Structures Under Equilibrium and Illumination 49 4.3.3 Piezotronic Modulation of the Interface Band Structure 51 4.3.4 Applied Bias Photon-to-Current Efficiency and Oxygen Evolution 54 4.4 Conclusion 54 Chapter 5 Ultra‑Low‑Power and Wide‑Operating‑Voltage‑Window Capacitive Piezotronic Force Sensors 56 5.1 Introduction 56 5.2 Material Characterization 57 5.3 Device Fabrication and Structural Design 58 5.4 Electrical Characterization and Force-Sensitivity Analysis 59 5.5 Operation Mechanism of the Piezo-Capacitive Strain Sensor 63 5.6 Dynamic Response under Press–Hold–Release Cycling 65 5.7 Conclusion 67 Chapter 6 Tailored Asymmetrical Piezoelectric Responses in PVDF‑TrFE Composites 69 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 Material Properties and Mechanical Characteristics of PVDF‑TrFE 70 6.2.1 Morphology and Porosity via SEM Examination 70 6.2.2 Crystal Phase Analysis by FTIR and XRD 71 6.2.3 Nanoindentation and Viscoelastic Behavior 73 6.2.4 PFM Analysis of Poling-Induced Dipole Orientation and Piezoelectric Coefficients in PVDF-TrFE Films 75 6.3 Influence of Viscoelastic Behavior and Operating Conditions on the Performance of PVDF-TrFE/ZnO Piezoelectric Nanogenerators 77 6.4 COMSOL Simulation of Viscoelastic Responses in PVDF-TrFE Composites 79 6.5 Conclusion 82 Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Aspects 84 7.1 Conclusions 84 7.2 Future Aspects 85 Chapter 8 Reference 87

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