研究背景：「尊嚴療法(Dignity Therapy, DT)」是一種個別化且具實證基礎的心理靈性治療性介入措施，透過引導式提問設計訪談促使病人反思生命中重要意義事件，並將所述重要回憶及人生智慧精華編製成生命紀念物遺留予親人。尊嚴療法有助於促發病人自我整合(ego-integrity)、傳承生命紀念物及家屬情緒支持。當疾病本身難以治癒，為末期癌症病人提供人性化之心靈照護，協助緩解受苦、維護生命尊嚴的整體照護顯得更加重要。有鑒於尊嚴的內涵受文化背景因素影響，尊嚴療法的照護模式實行前須經過文化適切性修訂，使之符合本土文化並適用於國內末期癌症病人之照護。
研究目的：本研究目的為在台灣文化背景下，測試尊嚴療法之可行性(feasibility)、可接受性(acceptability)與潛在效力(potential effectiveness)，期能有助於國內以實證為基礎且具有文化適切性尊嚴療法之推展與應用。
研究方法：本研究設計採用質、量性混合研究方法(mixed methods research)，進行方式分為兩階段。第一階段為質性研究，以「焦點團體」方式邀請8名健康成人及半結構式訪談末期癌症病人及病人家屬各3名，檢視尊嚴療法創始者Harvey Max Chochinov學者所設計之尊嚴療法題綱其適用性；奠基於系統性回顧與融合健康成人、末期癌症病人及家屬之觀點，由9名相關領域專家採「修正型德菲法」共識程序，發展符合國內文化適切性尊嚴療法。接續選取3名末期癌症病人進行本土化尊嚴療法，評估其可行性並作修訂。第二階段為量性研究，共收案24名末期癌症病人，研究方法採類實驗性研究設計(quasi-experimental study)，採隨機分派分為實驗組與控制組各12位，實驗組以病人舒適照護為基礎，並提供尊嚴療法為介入措施，控制組則予舒適照護。研究中以尊嚴相關受苦(dignity-related distress)作為潛在效力指標，於介入前、後及介入後兩週使用具良好信效度之中文版病人尊嚴量表(Patient Dignity Inventory Mandarin Version, PDI-MV)進行成效評值，並以尊嚴療法病人回饋問卷(Dignity Therapy Patient Feedback Questionnaire, DTPFQ)及尊嚴療法家屬回饋問卷(Dignity Therapy Family Feedback Questionnaire, DTFFQ)從病人及家屬評值對尊嚴療法之看法與接受度，依據結果修訂符合國內文化適切性的尊嚴療法。質性資料採內容分析法(content analysis)，問卷資料以t檢定及two-way ANOVA進行重複測量檢定。
研究結果：第一階段研究經健康成人、末期癌症病人與家屬、相關領域專家共同檢視尊嚴療法提問設計後，考量「本土性用語」及「提問順序」之因素，綜觀性整體建議後進行修訂，形成本土化尊嚴療法。第二階段研究於2022年4月至6月，進行尊嚴療法介入，結果顯示實驗組在前測、介入後與介入後兩週的尊嚴相關受苦顯著降低（F=10.08，P<0.001）；而控制組在前測、第七天與第十四天尊嚴相關受苦分數沒有顯著差異（F=0.70，P=0.50）。可行性成效指標顯示，本研究參與率38.1%，流失率8.3%，訪談時間平均38分鐘/人，完成尊嚴療法需花費3至5天。對於尊嚴療法整體可接受性，病人滿意度回饋平均為4.21分/5分，家屬滿意度回饋平均為4.28分/5分。
結論：本研究結果顯示，尊嚴療法可有效降低國內末期癌症病人尊嚴相關受苦，病人及家屬對於尊嚴療法的接受度高。但受限於進行尊嚴療法需要花費較長時間進行訪談與文本編輯，若在臨床實務人力與時間成本充裕的情形下，於國內實行尊嚴療法是可行性的。

Dignity Therapy is critical to terminal cancer patients which help them reduce psychological suffering and preserve the dignity in end-of-life care. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility, acceptability, and the sense of dignity-related stress of the dignity therapy among Taiwanese terminal cancer patients and their family members. A mixed methods study was utilized in the study for two stages. During the first stage of this study, terminal cancer patients and their family members, adults with health conditions and healthcare professionals (HCP) were invited to participate in focus group, semi-structured interviews, and modified Delphi method. The results provide culturally appropriate revisions on DT question protocol (DTQP). On the second stage, a quasi-experimental study was designed between the experimental and the control group for those who were diagnosed with terminal cancer. The experimental group was applied in Dignity Therapy. Patient Dignity Inventory Mandarin Version (PDI-MV) were adopted to measure participants’ sense of dignity-related distress. A total 63 eligible patients were invited to participate in this study, 39 refused and 24 participated. To this end, 22 participants completed. The results indicate that the experimental and the control group whether between or within groups, there were statistically significant differences in the sense of dignity-related distress. Research has demonstrated that statistical significance in post-intervention and 14 days after dignity therapy.

王文忠（2016）．人的尊嚴在憲法上的地位－比較法的觀察．中正大學法學集刊，52，61-160。
宋文娟（2001）．一種質量並重的研究法-德菲法在醫務管理學研究領域之應用．醫務管理期刊， 2（2），11-20。
李惠宗（2009）．憲法要義．台北：元照。
李劉瀅瀅、胡文郁（2012）．癌末病人家屬Mishel疾病不確定感量表及Herth希望指標之信效度測試．榮總護理，29（3），286-294。https://doi.org/10.6142/vghn.29.3.286
邱子芸、賴維淑（2022）．尊嚴療法提升末期癌症病人尊嚴感之成效：系統性文獻回顧與臨床建議．台灣醫學，26（4），466-476。
洪曉佩、明金蓮、陳玉枝（2010）．焦點團體訪談在癌症族群的應用．領導護理，11（3），2-9。
洪曉琪、陳虹汶、張義芳、楊育正、劉建良、謝瑞坤、呂宜興、陳裕仁、王蒼恩、蔡麗雲、劉珣瑛、方俊凱（2010）．癌症病人失志量表中文版之信效度檢測．內科學誌，21（6），427-435。https://doi.org/10.6314/jimt.2010.21(6).06
梁淑媛、丁熙安、李慧貞、盧玉嬴、高聖惠（2014）．疼痛對癌症病人的情緒衝擊．健康科技期刊， 2（1），20-37。
陳怡如（2006）．末期病人的靈性需求與靈性照顧．慈濟醫學雜誌，18（4），61- 66。
陳美伶（2012）．維護病人尊嚴．志為護理-慈濟護理雜誌，11（4），66-71。
陳秉華、邱仲峯、張國豐、趙冉、范嵐欣、朱美娟（2017）．靈性關懷能力量表的編製與信效度研究．中華心理衛生學刊，30（2），141-167。
曾建寧、詹惠雅、戴玉慈（2011）．尊嚴之概念分析．榮總護理，28（1），97-103。
https://doi.org/10.6142/vghn.28.1.97
張靜年、賴維淑（2021）．尊嚴療法於末期照護之深化、實踐與推展．台灣醫學，25（4），531-540。
趙可式（2015）．安寧療護是普世價值且為護理的本質護理雜誌，62（2），5-12。
https://doi.org/10.6224/jn.62.2.5
鄭如芬、林雅卿、黃百后、韋至信、孫嘉玲（2014）．癌症末期病人靈性照護模式．護理雜誌，61（6），93-97。
賴維淑（2020）．舒適護理．台灣安寧緩和護理學會。(ISBN: 978-986-99084-0-5)
衛生福利部國民健康署：我國1979年至2019年癌症發生統計資料． https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=4141&pid=12682
Akechi, T., Akazawa, T., Komori, Y., Morita, T., Otani, H., Shinjo, T., Okuyama, T., & Kobayashi, M. (2012). Dignity therapy: Preliminary cross-cultural findings regarding implementation among Japanese advanced cancer patients. Palliative Medicine, 26(5), 768.
Akechi, T., Okamura, H., Nishiwaki, Y., & Uchitomi, Y. (2002). Predictive factors for suicidal ideation in patients with unresectable lung carcinoma: A 6‐month follow‐up study. Cancer, 95(5), 1085-1093.
Akechi, T., Okamura, H., Nakano, T., Akizuki, N., Okamura, M., Shimizu, K., & Uchitomi, Y. (2010). Gender differences in factors associated with suicidal ideation in major depression among cancer patients. Psycho‐Oncology, 19(4), 384-389.
Albers, G., Pasman, H. R. W., Deliens, L., de Vet, H. C., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2013). Does health status affect perceptions of factors influencing dignity at the end of life?. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 45(6), 1030-1038.
Azadi, M., Azarbayejani, M., & Rasoul Zadeh Tabatabie, S. K. (2020). Dignity in Iranian cancer patients: A qualitative approach. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(7), 519-531.
Baillie, L. (2009). Patient dignity in an acute hospital setting: A case study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.003
Barclay, L. (2016). In sickness and in dignity: A philosophical account of the meaning of dignity in health care. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 61, 136-141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.06.010
Bentley, B., O'Connor, M., Kane, R., & Breen, L. J. (2014). Feasibility, acceptability, and potential effectiveness of dignity therapy for people with motor neurone disease. PloS One, 9(5), e96888.
Bernat, J. K., Helft, P. R., Wilhelm, L. R., Hook, N. E., Brown, L. F., Althouse, S. K.,
& Johns, S. A. (2015). Piloting an abbreviated dignity therapy intervention using a legacy-building web portal for adults with terminal cancer: A feasibility and acceptability study. Psycho-Oncology, 24(12), 1823-1825. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3790
Billings, J. A. (2008). Dignity. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 11(2), 138-139.
Bredle, J. M., Salsman, J. M., Debb, S. M., Arnold, B. J., & Cella, D. (2011). Spiritual well-being as a component of health-related quality of life: The functional assessment of chronic illness therapy—spiritual well-being scale (FACIT-Sp). Religions, 2(1), 77-94.
Blinderman, C. D., & Cherny, N. I. (2005). Existential issues do not necessarily result in existential suffering: lessons from cancer patients in Israel. Palliative Medicine, 19(5), 371-380.
Brewin, C. R., & Bradley, C. (1989). Patient preferences and randomised clinical. trials. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 299(6694), 313.
Bucklry, G. & Smyth, A. (2004). Education for professional competence in palliative
medicine. Doyle, D., Hanks, G. W. C. & MacDonald, N. (Eds.), Oxford textbook of
palliative medicine (3rd ed., pp.65-70). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, W. G., & Hare, S. R. (2002). Effects of climate and stock size on recruitment and growth of Pacific halibut. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 22(3), 852-862.
Chiavaroli, N., Huang, C. D., & Monrouxe, L. (2018). Learning medicine with, from, and through the humanities. Understanding Medical Education: Evidence, Theory, and Practice, 223-237.
Chochinov, H. M. (2007). Dignity and the essence of medicine: the A, B, C, and D of. dignity conserving care. BMJ, 335(7612), 184-187.
Chochinov, H. M. (2012). Dignity therapy: Final words for final days. OUP USA.
Chochinov, H. M., Cann, B., Cullihall, K., Kristjanson, L., Harlos, M., McClement, S. E., ... & Hassard, T. (2012). Dignity therapy: A feasibility study of elders in long-term care. Palliative & Supportive Care, 10(1), 3-15.
Chochinov, H. M., Hack, T., Hassard, T., Kristjanson, L. J., McClement, S., & Harlos, M. (2005). Dignity therapy: A novel psychotherapeutic intervention for patients near the end of life. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(24), 5520-5525.
Chochinov, H. M., Hack, T., McClement, S., Kristjanson, L., & Harlos, M. (2002). Dignity in the terminally ill: A developing empirical model. Social Science & Medicine, 54(3), 433-443.
Chochinov, H. M., Hassard, T., McClement, S., Hack, T., Kristjanson, L. J., Harlos, M., ... & Murray, A. (2008). The patient dignity inventory: A novel way of measuring dignity-related distress in palliative care. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 36(6), 559-571.
Chochinov, H. M., Hassard, T., McClement, S., Hack, T., Kristjanson, L. J., Harlos, M., ... & Murray, A. (2009). The landscape of distress in the terminally ill. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 38(5), 641-649.
Chochinov, H. M., & McKeen, N. A. (2011). Dignity therapy. Handbook of Psychotherapy in Cancer Care, 79-88.
Chochinov, H. M., Kristjanson, L. J., Breitbart, W., McClement, S., Hack, T. F.,
Hassard, T., & Harlos, M. (2011). Effect of dignity therapy on distress and end-of-life experience in terminally ill patients: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Oncology, 12(8), 753-762.
Coulehan, J. (2012). To suffer with: The poetry of compassion. In Perspectives on Human Suffering (pp. 227-244). Springer, Dordrecht.
Cull, A., Sprangers, M., Bjordal, K., Aaronson, N., West, K., & Bottomley, A. (2002). EORTC Quality of Life Group Translation Procedure (pp. 3-15). Brussels: EORTC.
DeSpelder, L. A., & Strickland, A. L. (2019). The last dance: Encountering death and
dying: (11th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
Donato, S. C. T., Matuoka, J. Y., Yamashita, C. C., & Salvetti, M. D. G. (2016). Effects of dignity therapy on terminally ill patients: A systematic review. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 50, 01014-01024.
Dose, A. M., Hubbard, J. M., Mansfield, A. S., & Krecke, C. A. (2017). Feasibility and acceptability of a dignity therapy/life plan intervention for patients with advanced cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 44(5), 194.
Faherty, V. (1979). Continuing social work education: Results of a Delphi survey. Journal. of Education for Social Work, 15(1), 12-19
Fitchett, G., Emanuel, L., Handzo, G., Boyken, L., & Wilkie, D. J. (2015). Care of the human spirit and the role of dignity therapy: A systematic review of dignity therapy research. BMC Palliative Care, 14(1), 1-12.
Fioretti, C., Mazzocco, K., Riva, S., Oliveri, S., Masiero, M., & Pravettoni, G. (2016). Research studies on patients' illness experience using the narrative medicine approach: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 6(7), e011220.
Glare, P., & Christakis, N. (2004). Prognostication at the end of life. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 29-42.
Goddard, C., Speck, P., Martin, P., & Hall, S. (2013). Dignity Therapy for older people in. care homes: a qualitative study of the views of residents and recipients of ‘generativity’documents. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(1), 122-132.
Haber, D. (2006). Life review: Implementation, theory, research, and therapy. The. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 63(2), 153-171.
Hack, T. F., Chochinov, H. M., Hassard, T., Kristjanson, L. J., McClement, S., & Harlos, M. (2004). Defining dignity in terminally ill cancer patients: a factor‐analytic approach. Psycho‐Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer, 13(10), 700-708.
Hall, S., Edmonds, P., Harding, R., Chochinov, H., & Higginson, I. J. (2009). Assessing. the feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of Dignity Therapy for people with advanced cancer referred to a hospital-based palliative care team: Study protocol. BMC Palliative Care, 8(1), 1-8.
Hall, S., Goddard, C., Opio, D., Speck, P. W., Martin, P., & Higginson, I. J. (2011). A novel approach to enhancing hope in patients with advanced cancer: A randomised phase II trial of dignity therapy. BMJ Supportive & Palliative care, 1(3), 315-321.
Hall, S., Goddard, C., Opio, D., Speck, P., & Higginson, I. J. (2012). Feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of dignity therapy for older people in care homes: a phase II randomized controlled trial of a brief palliative care psychotherapy. Palliative Medicine, 26(5), 703-712.
Hall, S., Goddard, C., Speck, P. W., Martin, P., & Higginson, I. J. (2013). “It makes you。feel that somebody is out there caring”: a qualitative study of intervention and control participants' perceptions of the benefits of taking part in an evaluation of dignity therapy for people with advanced cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 45(4), 712-725.
Hemati, Z., Ashouri, E., AllahBakhshian, M., Pourfarzad, Z., Shirani, F., Safazadeh, S., Ziyaei, M., Varzeshnejad, M., Hashemi, M., & Taleghani, F. (2016). Dying with dignity: A concept analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(9-10), 1218-1228.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13143
Herth, K. (1992). Abbreviated instrument to measure hope: development and psychometric evaluation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17(10), 1251-1259.
Holden, M. C. & J. F. Wedman (1993), Future issues of computer-mediated. communication: The results of a Delphi study, Educational Technology Research and Development, 41(4): pp.5-24.
Holland, J. C., & Alici, Y. (2010). Management of distress in cancer patients. The Journal of Supportive Oncology, 8(1), 4-12.
Hosseini, A., Rezaei, M., Bahrami, M., Abbasi, M., & Hariri, H. (2017). The relationship between dignity status and quality of life in Iranian terminally ill patients with cancer. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 22(3), 178.
Houmann, L. J., Rydahl-Hansen, S., Chochinov, H. M., Kristjanson, L. J., & Groenvold, M. (2010). Testing the feasibility of the dignity therapy interview: Adaptation for the Danish culture. BMC Palliative Care, 9(1), 1-11.
Houmann, L. J., Chochinov, H. M., Kristjanson, L. J., Petersen, M. A., & Groenvold, M. (2014). A prospective evaluation of dignity therapy in advanced cancer patients admitted to palliative care. Palliative Medicine, 28(5), 448-458.
International Council of Nurses: The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses. 2012. https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012_ICN_Codeofethicsfornurses_%20eng.pdf
Jacelon, C. S., Connelly, T. W., Brown, R., Proulx, K., & Vo, T. (2004). A concept
analysis of dignity for older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(1), 76-83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03170.x
Jacobson, N. (2007). Dignity and health: A review. Social Science & Medicine, 64(2), 292-302.
Johns, S. A. (2013). Translating dignity therapy into practice: Effects and lessons. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 67(1-2), 135-145.
Johnson, M. W., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., Klinedinst, M. A., Griffiths, R. R., & Carducci, M. A. (2016). Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1181-1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513
Jones, D. A. (2015). Human dignity in healthcare: A virtue ethics approach. The New Bioethics, 21(1), 87-97.
Julião, M., Barbosa, A., Oliveira, F., Nunes, B., & Carneiro, A. V. (2013). Efficacy of dignity therapy for depression and anxiety in terminally ill patients: early results of a randomized controlled trial. Palliative & Supportive Care, 11(6), 481-489.
Julião, M., Oliveira, F., Nunes, B., Carneiro, A. V., & Barbosa, A. (2017). Effect of dignity therapy on end-of-life psychological distress in terminally ill Portuguese patients: A randomized controlled trial. Palliative & Supportive Care, 15(6), 628-637. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951516001140
Kirchhoffer, D. G. (2017). Human dignity and human enhancement: A multidimensional approach. Bioethics, 31(5), 375-383.
Kissane, D. W., Wein, S., Love, A., Lee, X. Q., Kee, P. L., & Clarke, D. M. (2004). The Demoralization Scale: A report of its development and preliminary validation. Journal of Palliative Care, 20(4), 269-276.
Kostopoulou, S., Parpa, E., Tsilika, E., Katsaragakis, S., Papazoglou, I., Zygogianni, A., Galanos, A., & Mystakidou, K. (2018). Advanced cancer patients’ perceptions of dignity: The impact of psychologically distressing symptoms and preparatory grief. Journal of Palliative Care, 33(2), 88-94.
Krikorian, A., Limonero, J.T., & Mate, J. (2012). Suffering and distress at the end-of-life. Psycho-Oncology, 21, 799-808.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Lambert, M. F., & Wood, J. (2000). Incorporating patient preferences into randomized. trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53(2), 163-166.
Lappe, J. (1987). Reminiscing: The Life Review Therapy. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 13(4), 12-16.
Lee, M. B., Liao, S. C., Lee, Y. J., Wu, C. H., Tseng, M. C., Gau, S. F., & Rau, C. L. (2003). Development and verification of validity and reliability of a short screening instrument to identify psychiatric morbidity. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 102(10), 687-694.
Li, H. C., Richardson, A., Speck, P., & Armes, J. (2014). Conceptualizations of dignity at the end of life: exploring theoretical and cultural congruence with dignity therapy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(12), 2920-2931.
Li, Y.C., Wang, H. H., & Ho, C. H. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Mandarin version of Patient Dignity Inventory (PDI-MV) in cancer patients. Plos One, 13(9), e0203111.
Li, Y.-C., Feng, Y.-H., Chiang, H.-Y., Ma, S.-C., & Wang, H.-H. (2020). The Effectiveness of Dignity Therapy as Applied to End-of-Life Patients with Cancer in Taiwan: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Asian Nursing Research, 14(4), 189-195.
Liu, S. I., Yeh, Z. T., Huang, H. C., Sun, F. J., Tjung, J. J., Hwang, L. C., ... & Yeh, A. W. C. (2011). Validation of Patient Health Questionnaire for depression screening among primary care patients in Taiwan. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(1), 96-101.
Lindqvist, O., Threlkeld, G., Street, A. F., & Tishelman, C. (2015). Reflections on using biographical approaches in end-of-life care: Dignity therapy as example. Qualitative Health Research, 25(1), 40-50
Lou, C., Lou, K., & Ridley, J. (2021). Exploring the meaning of dignity at end of life for Chinese Canadians caregivers: A qualitative cross-cultural study. Palliative Medicine, 35(1), 142-150.
Lu, I. C., Jean, M. C. Y., Lei, S. M., Cheng, H. H., & Wang, J. D. (2011). BSRS-5 (5-item Brief Symptom Rating Scale) scores affect every aspect of quality of life measured by WHOQOL-BREF in healthy workers. Quality of Life Research, 20(9), 1469-1475.
Mai, S. S., Goebel, S., Jentschke, E., van Oorschot, B., Renner, K.-H., & Weber, M. (2018). Feasibility, acceptability and adaption of dignity therapy: A mixed methods study achieving 360 feedback. BMC Palliative Care, 17(1), 1-10.
Martínez, M., Arantzamendi, M., Belar, A., Carrasco, J. M., Carvajal, A., Rullán, M., & Centeno, C. (2017). ‘Dignity therapy’, a promising intervention in palliative care: A comprehensive systematic literature review. Palliative Medicine, 31(6), 492-509.
Matiti, M. R. (2015). Learning to promote patient dignity: An inter-professional approach. Nurse Education in Practice, 15(2), 108-110.
McLeod, S. (2007). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply Psychology, 1, 1-8.
McClement, S., Chochinov, H. M., Hack, T., Hassard, T., Kristjanson, L. J., & Harlos, M. (2007). Dignity therapy: family member perspectives. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 10(5), 1076-1082.
Milota, M. M., van Thiel, G. J., & van Delden, J. J. (2019). Narrative medicine as a. medical education tool: a systematic review. Medical Teacher, 41(7), 802-810.
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., ... & Altman, D. G. (2012). CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. International Journal of Surgery, 10(1), 28-55.
Montross, L. P., Meier, E. A., De Cervantes-Monteith, K., Vashistha, V., & Irwin, S. A. (2013). Hospice staff perspectives on Dignity Therapy. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 16(9), 1118-1120.
Morita, T., Sakaguchi, Y., Hirai, K., Tsuneto, S., & Shima, Y. (2004). Desire for death and requests to hasten death of Japanese terminally ill cancer patients receiving specialized inpatient palliative care. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 27(1), 44-52.
Mularski, R. A. (2006). Defining and measuring quality palliative and end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 34(11), S309-S316.
Monforte-Royo, C., Villavicencio-Chávez, C., Tomás-Sábado, J., Mahtani-Chugani, V., & Balaguer, A. (2012). What lies behind the wish to hasten death? A systematic review and meta-ethnography from the perspective of patients. PLoS One, 7(5), e37117.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2016). NCCN distress thermometer and problem list for patients. Retrieved from https://www.nccn.org/patients/resources/life_with_cancer/pdf/ nccn_distress_thermometer.pdf
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2020). NCCN Guidelines for Patients-Distress During Cancer Care. Retrieved from https://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/content/PDF/distress-patient.pdf
Nordenfelt, L. (2004). The varieties of dignity. Health Care Analysis, 12(2), 69-81.
Nordenfelt, L., & Edgar, A. (2005). The four notions of dignity. Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 6(1), 17.
Oechsle, K., Wais, M. C., Vehling, S., Bokemeyer, C., & Mehnert, A. (2014). Relationship between symptom burden, distress, and sense of dignity in terminally ill cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 48(3), 313-321.
Oka, M., Takahashi S., Matsumoto,M. (2021). Review of Feasibility Studies to Ensure Conducting the Proper Nursing Intervention Research. Int Arch Nurs Health Care, 7(153). doi.org/10.23937/2469-5823/1510153
Oosterveld-Vlug, M. G., Pasman, H. R., van Gennip, I. E., Muller, M. T., Willems, D. L., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2014, Jan). Dignity and the factors that influence it according to nursing home residents: A qualitative interview study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(1), 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12171
Parpa, E., Kostopoulou, S., Tsilika, E., Galanos, A., & Mystakidou, K. (2019). Depression. as a mediator or moderator between preparatory grief and sense of dignity in patients with advanced cancer. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®, 36(12), 1063-1067.
Passik, S. D., Kirsh, K. L., Leibee, S., Kaplan, L. S., Love, C., Napier, E., ... & Sprang, R. (2004). A feasibility study of dignity psychotherapy delivered via telemedicine. Palliative & Supportive Care, 2(2), 149-155.
Pellegrino, E. D. (2008). The lived experience of human dignity. Human dignity and bioethics, 513, 530.
Rachels, J. (1986). Kantian theory: The idea of human dignity. The elements of moral philosophy, 114-117.
Rodríguez-Prat, A., Balaguer, A., Booth, A., & Monforte-Royo, C. (2017). Understanding patients’ experiences of the wish to hasten death: An updated and expanded systematic review and meta-ethnography. BMJ open, 7(9), e016659.
Rosen, M. (2012). Dignity: Its history and meaning. Harvard University Press.
Rudilla, D., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., & Barreto, P. (2016). Comparing counseling and dignity therapies in home care patients: A pilot study. Palliative & Supportive Care, 14(4), 321-329.
Rushton, L. (2014). What are the barriers to spiritual care in a hospital setting?. British Journal of Nursing, 23(7), 370-374.
Searight, H. R., & Gafford, J. (2005). Cultural diversity at the end of life: Issues and guidelines for family physicians. American Family Physician, 71(3), 515-522.
Sekhon, M., Cartwright, M., & Francis, J. J. (2017). Acceptability of healthcare interventions: an overview of reviews and development of a theoretical framework. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 1-13.
Sensen, O. (2009). Kant's conception of human dignity. Kant-Studien, 100(3), 309-331.
Schoppee, T. M., Scarton, L., Bluck, S., Yao, Y., Keenan, G., Handzo, G., ... & Wilkie, D. J. (2021). Description of a training protocol to improve research reproducibility for dignity therapy: An interview-based intervention. Palliative & Supportive Care, 1-11.
Schoppee, T. M., Scarton, L., Bluck, S., Yao, Y., Keenan, G., Samuels, V., ... & Wilkie, D. J. (2022). Dignity therapy intervention fidelity: a cross-sectional descriptive study with older adult outpatients with cancer. BMC Palliative Care, 21(1), 1-9.
Shim, E. J., & Hahm, B. J. (2011). Anxiety, helplessness/hopelessness and ‘desire for hastened death’in Korean cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Care, 20(3), 395-402.
Sneeuw, K. C., Aaronson, N. K., Sprangers, M. A., Detmar, S. B., Wever, L. D., & Schornagel, J. H. (1998). Comparison of patient and proxy EORTC QLQ-C30 ratings in assessing the quality of life of cancer patients. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 51(7), 617-631.
Söderberg, A., Gilje, F., & Norberg, A. (1997). Dignity in situations of ethical difficulty in intensive care. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 13(3), 135-144.
Van Gennip, I. E., Pasman, H. R. W., Oosterveld-Vlug, M. G., Willems, D. L., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2013). The development of a model of dignity in illness based on qualitative interviews with seriously ill patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(8), 1080-1089.
Vergo, M. T., Nimeiri, H., Mulcahy, M., Benson, A., & Emmanuel, L. (2014). A feasibility study of dignity therapy in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer actively receiving second-line chemotherapy. Journal of Community and Supportive Oncology, 12(12), 446-453.
Vehling, S., & Mehnert, A. (2014). Symptom burden, loss of dignity, and demoralization. in patients with cancer: A mediation model. Psycho‐Oncology, 23(3), 283-290.
Vuksanovic, D., Dyck, M., & Green, H. (2015). Development of a brief measure of generativity and ego-integrity for use in palliative care settings. Palliative & Supportive Care, 13(5), 1411-1415.
Vuksanovic, D., Green, H. J., Dyck, M., & Morrissey, S. A. (2017). Dignity Therapy
and life review for palliative care patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, 53(2), 162-170.e161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.09.005
Wieżel, I., Horodeńska, M., Domańska-Glonek, E., & Torres, K. (2017). Is there a need for narrative medicine in medical students’ education? A literature review. Medical Science Educator, 27(3), 559-565.
World Health Organization: Cancer. April 1, 2021. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer#tab=tab_1
World Health Organization: A Declaration on the Promotion of Patients' Rights in Europe. June 28, 1994. https://www.who.int/genomics/public/eu_declaration1994.pdf
World Health Organization: Palliative care-1990 and 2002 WHO definitions
. August 29, 2021.
https://pallipedia.org/palliative-care-1990-and-2002-who-definitions/
Yang, K. S. (2003). Beyond Maslow's culture-bound linear theory: A preliminary statement of the double-y model of basic human needs. In V. Murphy-Berman & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (pp. 192–272). University of Nebraska Press.
Yang, N., Xiao, H., Cao, Y., Li, S., Yan, H., & Wang, Y. (2018). Does narrative medicine. education improve nursing students’ empathic abilities and academic achievement? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of International Medical Research, 46(8), 3306-3317.
Ying Lai C., & Levy, V. (2002) Hong Kong Chinese women’s experience of vaginal examinations in labour. Midwifery, 18(4), 296-303.