| 研究生: |
胡文珠 Orankijanan, Suda |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
Firm Diversification and Information Asymmetry A Case Study from R&D Announcements Firm Diversification and Information Asymmetry A Case Study from R&D Announcements |
| 指導教授: |
張紹基
Chang, Shao-chi |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
管理學院 - 國際經營管理研究所碩士在職專班 Institute of International Management (IIMBA--Master)(on the job class) |
| 論文出版年: | 2007 |
| 畢業學年度: | 95 |
| 語文別: | 英文 |
| 論文頁數: | 45 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Information Asymmetry, R&D Announcement, Firm Diversification, Asymmetric Information, Diversified Firm |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:54 下載:1 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
Information asymmetry and firm diversification has been studied by a large size of researchers. Past literatures appear to have a consensus towards diversification increases degree of information asymmetry. This consensus no longer harmonizes since a new finding reveals that diversification alleviates information asymmetry. This paper is based on works of Hadlock et al. (2001), Thomas (2002) and Clarke et al. (2004) whose studies indicate that diversification reduces information asymmetry problem. The hypothesis is re-tested with research and development announcement as previous literatures suggested that R&D activity creates asymmetric information. The result after using event-study to capture abnormal return between focused and diversified firms shows that diversification does not help reduce degree of information asymmetry in case of R&D announcements. The finding is in accordance with previous literatures which argue that diversification increases level of information asymmetry due to differential information among firm’s units and accounting natures. However, a few concerns are to be aware of. First, the methodology used in this study observes only quantity, and not the quality, of the R&D announcements. Second, past R&D performance and firms’ creditability when making announcements are not factored in this analysis given that this is only an initial study.
Aboody, D., & Lev, B. (2000). Information asymmetry, R&D, and insider gains. Journal of Finance, 55(6), 27-47.
Allen, F., & Gale, D. (1999). Diversity of opinion and financing of new technologies. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 8(1-2), 68-89.
Baiman, S., & Verrecchia, R. E. (1996). The relation among capital markets, financial disclosure, production efficiency, and insider trading. Journal of Accounting Research, 34(1), 1-22.
Ballester, M., Garcia-Ayuso, M., & Livnat, J. (2003). The economic value of the R&D intangible asset. European Accounting Review, 12(4), 605-633.
Barclay, M., & Litzenberger, R. (1988). Announcement effects of new equity issues and the use of intraday price data. Journal of Financial Economics, 21, 71-99.
Baysinger, B., & Hoskisson, R. E. (1989). Diversification strategy and R&D intensity in multiproduct firms. The Academy of Management Journal, 32(2), 310-332.
Ben-Zion, U. (1978). The investment aspect of nonproduction expenditures: an empirical test. Journal of Economics and Business, 30(3), 224-229.
Berger, P. G., & Ofek, E. (1995). Diversification's effect on firm value. Journal of Financial Economics, 37(1), 39-65.
Berkovitch, E., Israel, R., & Tolkowsky, E. (2006). The boundaries of the firm: the choice between stand-alone and integrated firms. Journal of economics & management strategy, 15(4), 821-851.
Berlin, M. (1999). Jack of all trades? Product diversification in nonfinancial firms. Business Review Journal, 1999(May) 15-29.
Bettis, R. A. (1981). Performance differences in related and unrelated diversified firms. Strategic Management Journal, 2(4), 379-393.
Boone, J. P., & Raman, K. K. (2001). Off-balance sheet R&D assets and market liquidity. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 20(2), 97-128.
Booth, G. G., Junttila, J., Kallunki, J.-P., Rahiala, M., & Sahlstrom, P. (2006). How does the financial environment affect the stock market valuation of R&D spending? Journal of Financial Intermediation, 15(2), 197-214.
Bosworth, D., & Rogers, M. (2001). Market value, R&D and intellectual property: an empirical analysis of large Australian firms. Economic Record, 77(239), 323-337.
Camison-Zornoza, C., Lapiedra-Alcami, R., Segarra-Cipres, M., & Boronat-Navarro, M. (2004). A meta-analysis of innovation and organizational size. Organization Studies, 25(3), 331-361.
Cardinal, L. B., & Opler, T. C. (1995). Corporate diversification and innovative efficiency: an empirical study. Journal of Accounting & Economics, 19(2, 3), 365-381.
Chambers, D., Jennings, R., & Thompson, R. B. (2002). Excess returns to R&D intensive firms. Review of Accounting Studies, 7(2-3), 133-158.
Chan, L. K., Lakonishok, J., & Sougiannis, T. (2001). The stock market valuation of research and development expenditures. Journal of Finance, 56(6), 2431-2456.
Chan, S. H., Martin, J., & Kensinger, J. (1990). Corporate research and development expenditures and share value. Journal of Financial Economics, 255-276.
Chen, S. S. (2006). The economic impact of corporate capital expenditures: focused firms versus diversified firms. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 41(2), 341-355.
Clarke, J. E., Fee, C. E., & Thomas, S. (2004). Corporate diversification and asymmetric information: evidence from stock market trading characteristics. Journal of Corporate Finance, 10(1), 105-129.
Cohen, W. M., & Klepper, S. (1996). A reprise of size and R&D. Economic Journal, 106(437), 925-951.
Comment, R., & Jarrell, G. A. (1995). Corporate focus and stock returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 37(1), 67-87.
Damanpour, F., & Evan, W. M. (1984). Organizational innovation and performance - the problem of organizational lag. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3), 392-409.
Denis, D. J., Denis, D. K., & Yost, K. (2002). Global diversification, industrial diversification, and firm value. Journal of Finance, 57(5), 1951-1979.
Doukas, J., & Switzer, L. (1992). The stock market's valuation of R&D spending and market concentration. Journal of Economics and Business, 44(2), 95-114.
Fama, E. F., & MacBeth, J. D. (1973). Risk, return, and equilibrium: empirical tests. The Journal of Political Economy, 81(3), 607-636.
Francis, J., & Smith, A. (1995). Agency costs and innovation: some empirical evidence. Journal of Accounting & Economics, 19(2,3), 383-409.
Franko, L. G. (1989). Global corporate competition: who's winning, who's losing. Strategic Management Journal, 10(5), 449-474.
Goldberger, A. S. (1991). A course in econometrics: Cambridge, MA: Harward University Press.
Gomes, J., & Livdan, D. (2004). Optimal diversification: reconciling theory and evidence. Journal of Finance, 59(2), 507-535.
Greenhalgh, C., & Rogers, M. (2006). The value of innovation: the interaction of competition, R&D and IP. Research Policy, 35(4), 562-580.
Griliches, Z. (1981). Market value, R&D, and patents. Economics Letters, 7(2), 183-187.
Guo, R. J., Lev, B., & Shi, C. (2006). Explaining the short- and long-term IPO anomalies in the US by R&D. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 33(3-4), 550-579.
Hadlock, C. J., Ryngaert, M., & Thomas, S. (2001). Corporate structure and equity offerings: are there benefits to diversification? The Journal of Business, 74(4), 613-635.
Hagedoorn, J., & Cloodt, M. (2003). Measuring innovative performance: is there an advantage in using multiple indicators? Research Policy, 32(8), 1365-1379.
Hall, B. H., Thoma, G., & Torrisi, S. (2006). The market value of patents and R&D: evidence from European firms. CESPRI, Centre for Research on Innovation and Internationalisation, Universita' Bocconi.
Harris, M., Kriebel, C. H., & Raviv, A. (1982). Asymmetric information, incentives and intrafirm resource allocation. Management Science, 28(6), 604-620.
Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., & Ireland, R. D. (1990). Mergers and acquisitions and managerial commitment to innovation in M-form firms. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 29-47.
Holmstrom, B. (1989). Agency costs and innovation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 12(3), 305-327.
Hung, S.C., Lee, Y., & Lin, B.W. (2006). R&D intensity and commercialization orientation effects on financial performance. Journal of Business Research, 59(6), 679-685.
Jensen, M. C., & Murphy, K. J. (1990). Performance pay and top management incentives. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(2), 225-264.
Jiraporn, P., Kim, Y. S., Davidson, W. N., & Singh, M. (2006). Corporate governance, shareholder rights and firm diversification: an empirical analysis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 30(3), 947-963.
Jovanovic, B. (1993). The diversification of production. Paper presented at the Brooking Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics.
Jung, K., Kim, Y.-C., & Stulz, R. (1996). Timing, investment opportunities, managerial discretion, and the security issue decision. Journal of Financial Economics, 42(2), 159-186.
Kahle, K. M., & Walking, R. A. (1996). The impact of industry classifications on financial research. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 31(3), 309-335.
Kang, J.-K., & Stulz, R. M. (1996). How different is Japanese corporate finance? An investigation of the information content of new security issues. The Review of Financial Studies, 9(1), 109-139.
Kelm, K. M., Narayanan, V. K., & Pinches, G. E. (1995). Shareholder value creation during R&D innovation and commercialization stages. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 770-786.
Khanna, T., & Palepu, K. G. (1997). Why focused strategies may be wrong for emerging markets. Harvard Business Review, 75(4), 41-51.
Khanna, T., & Palepu, K. G. (2000). Is group affiliation profitable in emerging markets? An analysis of diversified Indian business groups. The Journal of Finance, 55(2), 867-691.
Kilic, C., & Dursun, T. k. (2006). The effect of corporate identity changes on firm value an empirical investigation. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 10(1), 234-240.
Lamont, O. A., & Polk, C. (2001). The diversification discount: cash flows versus returns. Journal of Finance, 56(5), 1693-1721.
Lang, M. H., & Stulz, R. M. (1994). Tobin's q, corporate diversification, and firm performance. Journal of Political Economy, 102(6), 1248-1280.
Lev, B., & Sougiannis, T. (1996). The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 21, 107-138.
Lev, B., & Zarowin, P. (1999). The boundaries of financial reporting and how to extend them. Journal of Accounting Research, 37(2), 353-385.
Lichtenthaler, E. (2005). Corporate diversification: identifying new businesses systematically in the diversified firm. Technovation, 25(7), 697-709.
Lin, B. W., & Chan, S. H. (2005). Corporate technology portfolios and R&D performance measures: a study of technology intensive firm. R&D Management, 35(2), 157-170.
Lin, J. C., Sanger, G. C., & Booth, G. G. (1995). Trade size and components of the bid-ask spread. Review of Financial Studies, 8(4), 1153-1183.
Long, Clarisa. (2002). Patent Signals. University of Chicago Law Review, 69(2), 625-679.
MacKinlay, A. C. (1997). Event studies in economics and finance. Journal of Economic Literature(March), 13-39.
Mank, D. A., & Nystrom, H. E. (2001). Decreasing returns to shareholders from R&D spending in the computer industry. Engineering Management Journal, 13(3), 3-8.
McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (1997). Event studies in management research: theoretical and empirical issues. The Academy of Management Journal, 40(3), 626-657.
Miller, D. J. (2006). Technological diversity, related diversification, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 27(7), 601-619.
Myerson, R. B. (1982). Optimal coordination mechanisms in generalized principal-agent problems. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 10(1), 67-81.
Navi, R. (2006). Does corporate R&D still matter? Research Technology Management, 49(4), 6-7.
Nelson, R. R. (1959). The simple economics of basic scientific research. Journal of Political Economy, 67, 297-306.
O'Brien, J. P. (2003). The capital structure implications of pursuing a strategy of innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 24(5), 415-431.
Oriani, R., & Sobrero, M. (2001). Market valuation of firms' technological knowledge: a real options perspective. Paper presented at the Econ/Bus AD 296: Seminar on Innovation.
Prajogo, D. I. (2006). The relationship between innovation and business performance - a comparative study between manufacturing and service firms. Knowledge and Process Management, 13(3), 218-225.
Rajan, M. V., & Reichelstein, S. (2004). A perspective on "asymmetric information, incentives and intrafirm resource allocation". Management Science, 50(12), 1615-1623.
Ross, S. A. (1973). Econometric theory of agency: principals problem. The American economic review, 63(2), 134-139.
Scholes, M., & Williams, J. T. (1977). Estimating betas from nonsynchronous data. Journal of Finance and Economics, 5(3), 309-327.
Servaes, H. (1996). The value of diversification during the conglomerate merger wave. Journal of Finance, 51(4), 1201-1225.
Shevlin, T. (1991). The valuation of R&D firms with R&D limited partnerships. The Accounting Review, 66(1), 1-21.
Smith, C. W., & Watts, R. L. (1992). The investment opportunity set and corporate financing, dividend and compensation policies. Journal of Financial Economics(December), 263-292.
Sougiannis, T. (1994). The accounting based valuation of corporate R&D. The Accounting Review, 69(1), 44-68.
Stein, J. C. (1997). Internal capital markets and the competition for corporate resources. The Journal of Finance, 52(1), 111-133.
Stulz, R. M. (1990). Managerial discretion and optimal financing policies. Journal of Financial Economics, 26(1), 3-27.
Swaminathan, S. (1991). The impact of SEC mandated segment data on price variability and divergence of beliefs. Accounting Review, 66(1), 23-41.
Tasker, S. C. (1998). Technology company conference calls: a small sample study. Journal of Financial Statement Analysis, 4(1), 6-14.
Teece, D. J. (1980). Economics of scope and the scope of the enterprise. Journal of economic behavior & organization, 1(3), 223-247.
Thomas, S. (2002). Firm diversification and asymmetric information: evidence from analysts' forecasts and earnings announcements. Journal of Financial Economics, 64(3), 373-396.
Titman, S., & Wessels, R. (1988). The determinants of capital structure choice. Journal of Finance, 43(1), 1-19.
Villalonga, B. (2004). Diversification discount or premium?: new evidence from the business information tracking series. Journal of Finance, 59(2), 479-506.
Walter, N. R., & Tucker, S. (1987). Implementing routine and radical innovation: Lexington, MA: Lexingtong Books.
Weston, J. F. (1970). The nature and significance of conglomerate firms. St. John Law Review, 44, 66-80.
Woolridge, J. R. (1988). Competitive decline and corporate restructuring is a myopic stock market to blame? Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 26-36.
Woolridge, J. R., & Snow, C. C. (1990). Stock market reaction to strategic investment decisions. Strategic Management Journal, 11(5), 353-363.
Xu, M., & Zhang, C. (2004). The explanatory power of R&D for the cross-section of stock returns: Japan 1985-2000. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 12(3), 245-269.
Yan, A. (2006). Value of conglomerates and capital market conditions. Financial Management, 35(4), 5-30.