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研究生：	辛彥甫 Muazir, Syaiful
論文名稱：	以可調適都市網絡的規劃方法來改進印尼西加里滿丹松巴省的策略區域 Applying Adaptive Network Urbanism to Improve Strategic Areas in Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
指導教授：	謝宏昌 Hsieh, Horng-Chang
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	規劃與設計學院 - 都市計劃學系 Department of Urban Planning
論文出版年：	2016
畢業學年度：	104
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	191
外文關鍵詞：	adaptive, urban, network, strategic, sambas
相關次數：	點閱：87 下載：9
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Indonesia has endorsed spatial planning law and introduced “strategic areas” to promote development in lagging regions. One of the regencies that have strategic values is Sambas regency. Sambas regency has two border areas which are assigned as “national strategic activity center”: as a primary node of border area development and as a “state’s gate”. Besides, from the perspective of national tourism agendas, Sambas regency is also included as “tourism strategic area”.

This study attempts to explore the “overlap” interaction between strategic areas which possibly encourages regional growth. A network analysis was conducted as the analysis tool. In more detail, this research used “urban network” types (technical, business, and social) and criteria (topological, kinetic, and adaptive) as the variables and network analysis as a tool of analysis (e.g. degree/density, closeness, centrality, cluster, and structural). Ultimately, this research emphasized the final criteria of urban network or network urbanism (adaptive) which tries to adapt and prepare multiple choices and scenarios for future development of the urban networks.

From the findings, there are two different main orientations on each strategic area. Residents’ activities in the border area tend to be oriented to the neighboring countries (Sarawak-Malaysia), while in tourism strategic areas (regency’s capital city), the activities tend to be oriented to the southern part towards the province’s capital city. Based on the orientation, it is necessary to improve "the potency" of interaction among strategic areas by increasing their interaction and creating multiple choices and allowing partial transfer to other areas. Based on the adaptive “experiment”, there are 5 types of “adaptive" approaches considered possible to be developed in strategic areas, such as (1) network transforms or new link, (2) network extension, (3) addition of (new) nodes, (4) other supporting network as a supplement network, and (5) inter-country cooperation and connection. A direct connection between strategic areas has the higher impact of benefit (in terms of score increasing and position inside the block). However, as one of the considerations, the connection to other areas (in-between the strategic areas) can also be applied to provide and share benefits to certain areas.

TABLE OF CONTENTS	
Passing Certificate	i
	Abstract 	ii
	Acknowledgments	iii
	Table of Contents	iv
	List of Tables	vi
	List of Figures	viii
		
Chapter 1	Research Background	1
1.1	National Spatial Plan and Strategic Areas	1
	National Strategic Activity Center (Borderland) in West Kalimantan	4
	Tourism Strategic Areas in West Kalimantan 	6
1.2	Sambas Regency as a Strategic Region	8
1.3	Initial Identification and Issue: Network in Strategic Areas  	10
1.4	Interaction Exploration through Network Logic	13
1.5	Problems Formulation and Research Questions	14
	Research Questions and Contributions	15
		
Chapter 2	Theoretical Framework	16
2.1	Regional (Development) Planning and Interaction	16
2.2	Network Approach and Urban Network	19
	Network Data	21
	Network Analysis	22
	Urban Network and Types	26
	Urban Network Planning Approaches 	28
2.3	Adaptive Network in Regional Development	30
2.4	Notes and Summary	33
		
Chapter 3	Research Methodology	35
3.1	Research Approach an Analytic Technique	35
	Analytic Technique and Measurement 	36
	Interpretation and Discussion 	38
3.2	Research Data	39
	Study Area and Node Representation 	39
	Research Variable and Required Data	41
	Data Collection	43
	Population and Samples	45
		
Chapter 4	Urban Networks in Strategic Areas 	46
4.1	(Physical) Infrastructure Networks in Sambas Regency	46
	Road 	46
	Public (Land) Transportation 	54
	Public (Sea/River) Transportation 	62
	Airport	69
	Railway	70
	Water Supply	71
	Energy (Electricity)	75
	Waste Management	81
	Telecommunication	87
4.2	Notes and Summary	93
4.3	Business/Trading Network: Distribution and Direction in Strategic Areas	94
	Business/Trading Distribution and Direction in Sambas 	96
	Business/Trading Distribution and Direction in Temajuk/Paloh 	99
4.4	Notes and Summary	101
4.5	Social Network: Distribution and Movement in Strategic Areas	102
	Social Distribution in Sambas	104
	Social Activity Movement in Sambas	106
	Social Contact (by media) in Sambas	108
	Social Activity, Infrastructure, and Direction in Sambas	110
	Social Distribution in Temajuk/Paloh	111
	Social Activity Movement in Temajuk/Paloh 	113
	Social Contact (by media) in Temajuk/Paloh	115
	Social Activity, Infrastructure, and Direction in Temajuk/Paloh	117
	Visitor/Tourist Origin-Destination in Tourism Strategic Area 	118
4.6	Notes and Summary	120
		
Chapter 5	Adaptive Planning in Strategic Areas	122
5.1	Connection, Interaction, and Adaptive	122
5.2	Multiple Choices and Proposed Network Plans	124
	Road Network 	127
	Public (Land) Transportation	136
	Public (Sea/River) Transportation 	145
	Water Supply	146
	Electricity	154
	Waste Management	160
	Telecommunication	167
5.3	Notes and Summary	168
		
Chapter 6	Discussion and Conclusion 	169
6.1	Benefits from Strategic Areas Interaction	169
6.2	Networks in Strategic Ares and Connectivity Improvement	170
6.3	Adaptive Urban Network in Strategic Areas	172
6.4	Benefits, Limitations, and Further Research 	174
		
	References	175
	Appendix	186

LIST OF TABLES
Chapter 2		
Table 2.1	General Network Data Definition/Concept	21
Table 2.2	Network Analysis Tools	23
Table 2.3	Analysis Tools and Definition	24
Table 2.4	Urban System Comparison	29
Table 2.5	Adaptive Application/Implementation	31
		
Chapter 3		
Table 3.1	Network Data and Required Data	42
Table 3.2	Research Variable and Required Data	43
Table 3.3	Data Collection and Content/Target	44
Table 3.4	Number of Samples 	45
		
Chapter 4		
Table 4.1	Inter-Village Land Transportation Routes	54
Table 4.2	Inter-City Land Transportation Routes	55
Table 4.3	Inter-Border Land Transportation Routes	56
Table 4.4	Terminal in Sambas Regency	57
Table 4.5	Port/Piers in Sambas Regency	62
Table 4.6	River (Inland) Transportation Routes	62
Table 4.7	Landfills in Sambas Regency	84
Table 4.8	Mobile Telecommunication Tower Distribution	89
Table 4.9	Network in Business	94
Table 4.10	Basic Business/Service Demography in Sambas District (National Tourism Strategic)	94
Table 4.11	Basic Business/Service Demography in Temajuk Village/Paloh District (National Strategic Activity Center)	95
Table 4.12	Supporting Infrastructure and Interaction with Border Area in Sambas	97
Table 4.13	Supporting Infrastructure and Interaction with Border Area in Temajuk/Paloh	100
Table 4.14	Basic Respondent Demography in Sambas District (National Tourism Strategic)	103
Table 4.15	Basic Respondent Demography in Temajuk/Paloh (National Strategic Activity Center)	103
Table 4.16	Supporting Infrastructure and Orientation Detail in Sambas	110
Table 4.17	Supporting Infrastructure and Orientation Detail in Temajuk/Paloh	117
Table 4.18	Visitor/Tourist Origin and Destination	115
		
Chapter 5		
Table 5.1	Business/Trading and Social Activity Distribution and Direction in Strategic Areas	123
Table 5.2	(Physical) Infrastructure in Sambas Regency	123
Table 5.3	District Profile in Sambas Regency	126
Table 5.4	Network Comparison in Road Network	129
Table 5.5	Network Comparison, Changes, and Impact in Road Network	131
Table 5.6	Existing Block, Changes, and Impacts in Road Network	133
Table 5.7	Score Rank in Road Network	135
Table 5.8	Network Comparison in Public (Land) Transportation	138
Table 5.9	Network Comparison, Changes, and Impacts in Public (Land) Transportation	140
Table 5.10	Existing Block, Changes, and Impact in Public (Land) Transportation	142
Table 5.11	Score Rank in Public (Land) Transportation	144
Table 5.12	Network Comparison in Water Supply Network	150
Table 5.13	Network Comparison, Changes, and Impacts in Water Supply Network	151
Table 5.14	Existing Block, Changes, and Impact in Water Supply Network	152
Table 5.15	Score Rank in Water Supply Network	153
Table 5.16	Network Comparison in Electricity Grid Network	156
Table 5.17	Network Comparison, Changes, and Impacts in Electricity Grid Network	157
Table 5.18	Existing Block, Changes, and Impact in Electricity Grid Network	158
Table 5.19	Network Comparison in Waste Management Network	163
Table 5.20	Network Comparison, Changes, and Impacts in Waste Management Network	164
Table 5.21	Existing Block, Changes, and Impact in Waste Management Network	165
Table 5.22	Score Rank in Waste Management Network	166
		
Chapter 6		
Table 6.1	Network Improvement on the Existing Network	172

LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 1		
Figure 1.1	Indonesian Border Areas	3
Figure 1.2	National Strategic Activity Centers (Border Areas) in West Kalimantan	5
Figure 1.3	National Tourism Strategic Areas in Indonesia and West Kalimantan	7
Figure 1.4	Kalimantan Island and Sambas Regency	8
Figure 1.5	Sambas Administrative Boundaries (in districts) and Strategic Areas (	9
Figure 1.6	Initial (Social) Network Structure and Orientation in Sambas (left) and Temajuk/Paloh (right)	11
Figure 1.7	Urban Activity Center Hierarchy in Sambas Regency	12
Figure 1.8	Research Issues	15
		
Chapter 2		
Figure 2.1	Shortcut Concept Illustration	18
Figure 2.2	Network Graph	20
Figure 2.3	Network without Structural Holes (left), and with Structural Holes (right)	26
Figure 2.4	Network Operators	27
Figure 2.5	Mono-centric Development (left) and Polycentric Development (right)	30
Figure 2.6	Dynamical Networks Basic (Single)	32
Figure 2.7	Dynamical Networks Basic (Group)	33
Figure 2.8	Theoretical Framework/Analytic Scheme	34
		
Chapter 3		
Figure 3.1	Research Approach and Flow-chart	35
Figure 3.2	Existing Urban Networks Exploration and Measurement	36
Figure 3.3	Adaptive Approach and Measurement	37
Figure 3.4	Interpretation and Discussion  	38
Figure 3.5	Sambas Regency Connectivity (Road Network)	40
Figure 3.6	Sambas Regency Connectivity (Road Network) at District Level	41
		
Chapter 4		
Figure 4.1	Road Network in Sambas Regency	47
Figure 4.2	Road Network in Sambas Regency (District Level)	48
Figure 4.3	Road Network (Graph)	49
Figure 4.4	Closeness Centrality in Road Network	49
Figure 4.5	Centrality in Road Network	50
Figure 4.6	Cliques in Road Network	51
Figure 4.7	Blocks in Road Network  	52
Figure 4.8	Structural Holes in Road Network  	53
Figure 4.9	Public (Land) Transportation Route Network in Sambas Regency	55
Figure 4.10	Public (Land) Transportation Terminal Network in Sambas Regency	56
Figure 4.11	Public (Land) Transportation Route Network in Sambas Regency (District Level)	57
Figure 4.12	Public (Land) Transportation Network (Graph)	58
Figure 4.13	Closeness Centrality in Public (Land) Transportation Network	59
Figure 4.14	Centrality in Public (Land) Transportation Network	59
Figure 4.15	Clique in Public (Land) Transportation Network	60
Figure 4.16	Blocks in Public (Land) Transportation Network	61
Figure 4.17	Structural Holes in Public (Land) Transportation Network	61
Figure 4.18	Ports and Piers Network in Sambas Regency	64
Figure 4.19	Ports and Piers Network in Sambas Regency (District Level)	65
Figure 4.20	Public (Sea/River) Transportation Network (Graph)	66
Figure 4.21	Closeness Centrality in Public (Sea/River) Transportation Network	66
Figure 4.22	Centrality in Public (Sea/River) Transportation Network	67
Figure 4.23	Blocks in Public (Sea/River) Transportation	67
Figure 4.24	Structural Holes in Public (Sea/River) Transportation	68
Figure 4.25	Flight Routes in West Kalimantan	69
Figure 4.26	Railway Network Plan in Sambas Regency	70
Figure 4.27	Water Supply Coverage (Districts) in Sambas Regency	71
Figure 4.28	Water Supply Network in Sambas Regency (District Level)	72
Figure 4.29	Water Supply Network (Graph)	73
Figure 4.30	Closeness Centrality in Water Supply	73
Figure 4.31	Centrality in Water Supply Network	74
Figure 4.32	Blocks in Water Supply	74
Figure 4.33	Structural Holes in Water Supply	74
Figure 4.34	“Khatulistiwa” Electricity System in West Kalimantan	75
Figure 4.35	Electricity System in Sambas Regency	76
Figure 4.36	Electricity System Network in Sambas Regency (District Level)	77
Figure 4.37	Electricity Grid Network (Graph)	78
Figure 4.38	Closeness Centrality in Electricity Grid Network	78
Figure 4.39	Centrality in Electricity Grid Network	79
Figure 4.40	Clique in Electricity Grid Network	79
Figure 4.41	Blocks in Electricity Grid Network	80
Figure 4.42	Structural Holes in Electricity Grid Network	81
Figure 4.43	Waste Management Coverage in Sambas Regency	82
Figure 4.44	Waste Management Network in Sambas Regency (District Level)	83
Figure 4.45	Waste Management Network (Graph)	84
Figure 4.46	Closeness Centrality in Waste Management	85
Figure 4.47	Centrality in Waste Management	85
Figure 4.48	Blocks in Waste Management	86
Figure 4.49	Structural Holes in Waste Management	86
Figure 4.50	Telecommunication Network Illustration Coverage in Sambas Regency	87
Figure 4.51	Telecommunication Network in Sambas Regency (District Level)Regency	88
Figure 4.52	Telecommunication Network (Graph)	89
Figure 4.53	Closeness Centrality in Telecommunication Network	90
Figure 4.54	Centrality in Telecommunication Network in Sambas Regency	90
Figure 4.55	Clique in Telecommunication Network	91
Figure 4.56	Blocks in Telecommunication Network 	92
Figure 4.57	Structural Holes in Telecommunication Network	92
Figure 4.58	Business/Trading Distribution-Movement (Graph) in Sambas	96
Figure 4.59	Out/In Degree in Business/Trading Distribution-Movement in Sambas	96
Figure 4.60	Origin-Destination in Business/Trading Distribution-Movement in Sambas	97
Figure 4.61	Business/Trading Distribution-Movement (Graph) in Temajuk/Paloh	99
Figure 4.62	Out/In Degree in Business/Trading Distribution-Movement in Temajuk/Paloh 	99
Figure 4.63	Origin-Destination in Business/Trading Distribution-Movement in Temajuk/Paloh	100
Figure 4.64	Family/Friend Distribution (Graph) in Sambas	105
Figure 4.65	Out/In Degree in Family/Friend Distribution in Sambas 	105
Figure 4.66	Origin-Destination in Family/Friend Distribution in Sambas	106
Figure 4.67	Social Activity Movement (Graph) in Sambas	107
Figure 4.68	Out/In Degree in Social Activity Movement in Sambas	107
Figure 4.69	Origin-Destination in Social Activity Movement in Sambas	108
Figure 4.70	By-phone Interaction (Graph) in Sambas	109
Figure 4.71	Out/In Degree in By-Phone Interaction in Sambas	109
Figure 4.72	Origin-Destination in By-Phone Interaction in Sambas	110
Figure 4.73	Family/Friend Distribution (Graph) in Temajuk/Paloh	112
Figure 4.74	Out/In Degree in Family/Friend Distribution in Sambas	112
Figure 4.75	Origin-Destination in Family/Friend Distribution in Temajuk/Paloh	113
Figure 4.76	Social Activity Movement (Graph) in Temajuk/Paloh	114
Figure 4.77	Out/In Degree in Social Activity Movement in Temajuk/Paloh	114
Figure 4.78	Origin-Destination in Social Activity Movement in Temajuk/Paloh	115
Figure 4.79	By-phone Interaction (Graph) in Temajuk/Paloh	116
Figure 4.80	Out/In Degree in By-Phone Interaction in Temajuk/Paloh	116
Figure 4.81	Origin-Destination in By-Phone Interaction in Sambas	117
Figure 4.82	Tourist/Visitors Origin and Destination	118
		
Chapter 5		
Figure 5.1	Different Orientation, Area Group, and Connection Concept  	125
Figure 5.2	Proposed/Alternative Networks for Road Network  	127
Figure 5.3	Proposed/Alternative Networks for Public (Land) Transportation  	136
Figure 5.4	Public (Sea/River) Transportation Network	145
Figure 5.5	The Wave Height Average in Indonesia	146
Figure 5.6	Network Development for Water Supply (Government Plan)  	147
Figure 5.7	Proposed/Alternative Networks for Water Supply Network (Government Plan)	148
Figure 5.8	Proposed/Alternative Networks for Water Supply Network (Government Plan Extension)	149
Figure 5.9	Proposed/Alternative Networks for Electricity Grid Network	154
Figure 5.10	Proposed/Alternative Networks for Waste Management Network (Extension Plan)  	161
Figure 5.11	Proposed/Alternative Networks for Waste Management Network (Extension Plan and New Development)  	162
Figure 5.12	Constraints on the Telecommunication Network	167


                                    

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