本研究旨在探討「昔時賢文」一書中的語言事實與現象，該書是由陳大鑼先生 的後代子孫將其於二十世紀初期(1920 年)的台灣閩南語教學手稿整理成冊，此書 引用中文古老故事教導該時代台灣人民透過白話字和漢字進行閱讀。書本由 178 頁 故事構成，並於每個故事提供三個由文言解釋到白話的台灣閩南語段落與逐字對照 的白話字音標。本研究動機在於提供迄今一百年前的台灣閩南語書寫文本文獻，探 討範圍包含書中所使用的 12 個否定詞，白話字的文白讀，和現代少用的當代特殊詞彙。

由於在「昔時賢文」一書中，多數故事皆為勸世文，因此該書呈現許多豐富的 台灣閩南語否定詞文獻，其中出現頻率由高到低分別是‘bo5 無’、‘m7 毋’、‘put4 不’、‘boe7 袂’、‘bu5 無’、‘bok8 莫’、‘boh8 莫’、‘bi7 未’、‘be7 袂’、‘bian2 免’、 ‘hui1 非’、‘hiu1 休’，12 個否定詞共有 422 個出現次數。第二章討論 12 個否定詞於 二十世紀初期之台灣閩南語的個案使用情況與提供語言事實進行探討，其中包括 12 個否定詞的語意區別探討、句法分佈探討、在書本中的出現頻率討論、從文言到口語層段落的比較探討，以及遵循 Lien (2013) 對情態否定詞的分類法進行討論。此 外，由於此書每頁都有清楚的三層段落從文言到白話解釋故事涵義，因此有著明顯 且豐富的文讀及白讀音。第三章以 Yang (1991) 的文白讀對照表來比較此書中白話 字的文讀和白讀音，及觀察文白異讀等現象。再者，由於台灣快速變遷的歷史和政 治發展等因素，致使台灣閩南語詞彙的快速變化。第四章透過訪談陳大鑼先生的孫 子，和兩個線上語料庫辭典，整理並列出現代近乎不再使用的特殊詞彙。

從否定詞詞頻與三層段落的統計中發現，‘put4 不’、‘bu5 無’、‘bok8 莫’、‘bi7 未’、‘hui1 非’、‘hiu1 休’六個否定詞出現在第一層(文言層)的比例高，為文讀否 定詞; 而‘bo5 無’、‘m7 毋’、‘boe7 袂’、‘boh8 莫’、‘be7 袂’、‘bian2 免’六者則皆無 任何次數於第一層中，為白讀否定詞。另一方面，從句法分佈中發現昔時賢文一書 中的用法為:‘put4 不’、‘bok8 莫’、‘be7 袂’、‘bian2 免’、‘hiu1 休’、‘bi7 未’詞後多 為 VP; ‘bo5 無’、‘hui1 非’詞後多為 NP 或 VP; ‘bu5 無’詞後多為 NP; ‘m7 毋’詞後多 為 modal; 而‘boe7 袂’、‘boh8 莫’詞後則多為 VP 或 modal。書中發現關於否定詞的 複合詞，如‘put4-ju5 不如’或 ‘m7-tat4-tioh8 毋值著’，也發現較不常見的文讀否定情 態詞，如‘put4-kho2 不可’, ‘put4 kheng2 不肯’, ‘put4 kam2 不敢’, ‘boe7 oe7 袂會’, ‘boe7-sai3-tit4 袂使得’, ‘bok8-tit4 莫得’。對於白話字的文白讀，本研究將其分為 A、B 和 C 類型，不僅整理了更多的讀音，也帶出了 1920 年代一位語言使用者的 讀音習慣，或是腔調差異。例如:尾音_oe，亦或是 /l/ 和 /j/的混用。最後，在此 書中能找到不少現代少用或不為人知的詞彙，顯示了台灣閩南語快速的詞彙變化。 不少詞彙也被發現能使用中文推測閩南語語意，如同 Iunn (2011) 提及的部分閩南語 語詞如果能直接用華語去理解，顯現出台語新產生的語詞，部分會受華語影響。

總而言之，本論文從一百年前的書面白話字文本中整理語言事實，並從否定詞、文白讀和詞彙方面進行討論，以一位語言使用者的角度窺探 1920 年代的白話字文獻。

The thesis aims to provide a study on Sek4-Si5-Hian5-Bun5 (SSHB), which was written in Taiwan Southern Min (TSM) in the 1920s by Toa-Lo Tan. The book addressed stories from Old Chinese to teach people to read in the written system of Peh8-oe7-ji7 白話字 ‘vernacular writing’ (POJ) as well as Han3-ji7 漢字 ‘Taiwanese character’. Collected from manuscripts of Tan (1920) by one of his grandchildren, the book was constructed as 178 pages of stories with three layers that explain the sentences from formal literary readings to colloquial ones on each page. The motivation of the thesis is to provide language facts from the one-hundred-year-old Taiwan Southern Min written text, including the 12 negators, literary–colloquial POJ, and distinctive lexicons that are rarely use nowadays.

In Sek4-Si5-Hian5-Bun5, most of the stories convey moral lessons and messages; as such, 12 negators occurring 422 times with modality can be found. The frequency of the 12 negators from high to low, respectively, are bo5 無, m7 毋, put4 不, boe7 袂, bu5 無, bok8 莫, boh8 莫, bi7 未, be7 袂, ‘bian2 免’, hui1 非, and hiu1 休. The thesis discusses syntactic distribution, a frequency analysis of the negators, a comparison of the three layers from literary to colloquial usages, and the collocation with negative modality that follows Lien’s (2013) taxonomy of the 12 negators. Additionally, SSHB contains both abundant literary and colloquial readings due to its distinctive presentation of three layers. Therefore, this thesis explores the literary–colloquial distinction of POJ by comparing Yang’s (1991) table on literary–colloquial readings. Furthermore, SSHB preserves many distinctive lexicons that are mostly not in use nowadays due to the rapid lexical change in TSM. To classify lexicons that are rarely used nowadays, the great-grandchild of Toa-Lo Tan were interviewed and two online TSM dictionaries were searched: the Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan and the ChhoeTaigi corpus.

For the results of findings on negators, put4 不, bu5 無, bok8 莫, bi7 未, hui1 非, and hiu1 休 are speculated as literary readings, whereas bo5 無, m7 毋, boe7 袂, boh8 莫, be7 袂, and bian2 免 are assumed as colloquial readings. Furthermore, compound words such as put4-ju5 不如 or m7-tat4-tioh8 毋值著 and the literary usages on modality such as put4-kho2 不可, put4 kheng2 不肯, put4 kam2 不敢, boe7 oe7 袂會, boe7-sai3-tit4 袂使 得, or bok8-tit4 莫得 are found in the thesis. As for the literary–colloquial readings of POJ, the thesis classifies them into Types A, B, and C. The results not only classify more literary or colloquial readings but also bring out the reading habits of a language user in 1920s, which may be due to differences based on accent. For example, Tan (1920) often applied the final syllable _oe or exchanged /l/ for /j/. Finally, the evidence from SSHB, which is rarely use nowadays, shows the rapid lexical change in TSM and provides literary lexicons, as their meanings can be speculated on using Mandarin Chinese.

In sum, this thesis shows facts from one-hundred-year-old written POJ text and deals with those language facts in terms of negators, literary–colloquial readings, and lexicons to clearly determine the language usage of a certain language user in the 1920s.

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Websites
Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan: https://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/default.jsp (08/31/2021)
ChhoeTaigi corpus: https://chhoe.taigi.info/ (08/31/2021)
Revision of the Mandarin Dictionary by the Taiwan Ministry of Education:
http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/ (08/31/2021)
ChineseWords Corpus: https://www.chinesewords.org/
Lai, John Young-Hsiang (賴永祥). 1990. Kau-hoe-su-oe《教會史話(一)》史話 033 書 序有名陳大鑼: http://www.laijohn.com/BOOK1/033.htm (08/31/2021)
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