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研究生：	謝栢源 Hsieh, Bar-Yuan
論文名稱：	主鏈含不同發光基團之共聚芴的合成、光電性質與其在白光元件的應用 Copolyfluorenes Slightly Doped with Chromophores: Synthesis, Optoelectronic Properties and Applications in White-Light-Emitting Diodes
指導教授：	陳雲 Chen, Yun
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 化學工程學系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2009
畢業學年度：	97
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	186
中文關鍵詞：	有機發光二極體、共軛高分子
外文關鍵詞：	copolyfluorenepolymer, light-emitting diodes (PLED), conjugated polymer
相關次數：	點閱：68 下載：3
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White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) have received considerable attention due to their potential application in solid-state lighting and in backlight for liquid crystal displays. Among these devices, white-light OLEDs based on semiconducting polymers (PLEDs) are of particular interest for their facile solution processability that allows spin-coating and printing methods to be utilized for the fabrication of large-area-display devices. Through color mixing method, white-light-emitting devices could be readily obtained. In this dissertation, we devoted to design and prepare new copolyfluorenes to be applied in white-light-emitting devices. The copolyfluorenes were chemically doped (0.0025~50 mol%) with chromophores that emitted green or reddish orange light. The dominant parts of the copolyfluorenes were fluorene segments which acted as blue-emitting host. The guests (chromophores) were derived from seven new dibromo monomers, respectively, which are based on DCM, distyrylbenzene, phenothiazine, thiophene, and triphenylamine moieties. These monomers were incorporated into polyfluorene backbone through the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. All new synthesized monomers and polymers were identified by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and elemental analysis (EA). Thermal properties of the polymers were determined using TGA and DSC. The optical (UV and PL), electrochemical (CV), and electroluminescent properties of these polymers were investigated in detail.
In chapter 4, 5 and 7, four chromophores (DCM, R, PhT and ThT) were designed and their corresponding dibromo monomer synthesized. Their PL emissions located at 522~586 nm region. They were incorporated into polyfluorene to prepare copolyfluorenes with various contents of chromophores. The PLED devices exhibiting dichromatic white-light- emission were realized by using the copolyfluorenes as emitting layer. The EL devices of blends from PF and PFD0.5 (w/w = 4/1 or 9/1) exhibited near white light emission with the CIE coordinates being (0.33, 0.35) and (0.32, 0.34). The PFR devices showed a broad emission band, covering the entire visible region, with chromaticity coordinates being (0.36, 0.35) and (0.32, 0.30) for PFR1 and PFR2 devices, respectively. The maximum brightness and current efficiency of the PFR2 device were 3011 cd/m2 and 1.98 cd/A, respectively. Blending PFPhT2 with PF (w/w = 10/1), the dichromatic white-light emission was realized with the maximum brightness, maximum current efficiency, and CIE coordinates being 10600 cd/m2, 1.85 cd/A, and (0.31, 0.33), respectively.
In chapter 6 and 8, three chromophores (MG, TP and TT) were designed and their corresponding dibromo monomers synthesized. Their PL emissions located at 492~536 nm. Copolyfluorenes with varied chromophore contents were prepared from the dibromo monomers. The PLED devices using the copolyfluorenes as emitting layer displayed both blue and green colors. When doping with red-emitting iridium complex, Ir(piq)2(acac), the trichromatic white-light emission was obtained. The trichromatic white EL device was fabricated by using the PFG2 as the host to blend with the iridium complex; the maximum brightness and CIE coordinate was 4120 cd/m2 and (0.31, 0.28), respectively. The other trichromatic white-light emission was realized through blending PFTT1 with polyfluorene and a red-emitting iridium complex, in which the maximum brightness and CIE coordinates were 6880 cd/m2 and (0.31, 0.33), respectively.

Abstract	I
Acknowledgments	III
Contents	V
List of Schemes	VIII
List of Tables	IX
List of Figures	X
                                                                                                              

Chapter 1	General Introduction	1
Chapter 2	Review and Theoretical Background	5
2-1 Development Background of Electroluminescence	5
2-2 Electroluminescent Materials	10
2-2-1 Polymeric EL Materials	10
2-2-2 Conjugated polymers	11
2-2-3 Common Polymerization for Electroluminescent Polymers	13
2-3 The basic principle	18
2-3-1 Theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence	18
2-3-2 The Quantum Yield	21
2-3-3 The Emission of Intermolecular Interaction	21
2-3-4 Förster and Dexter Energy Transfer	25
2-4 The Electroluminescent Device	28
2-4-1 Single-layer devices	32
2-4-2 Multi-layer PLED devices	34
2-5 Human vision	35
2-5-1 Light receptors of the human eye	35
2-5-2 Color matching functions and chromaticity diagram	35
2-5-3 Additive color mixing	38
2-6 White-light-emitting devices	40
2-6-1 Multiple emissive layers	40
2-6-2 Multiple dopants emissive layer	42
2-7 Research motivation	48
Chapter 3	Experimental Section	51
3-1 Instruments for Chemical Synthesis	51
3-2 Measurements	51
3-3 Materials	55
3-4 Schemes of Monomers and Polymers	57
3-4-1 Synthesis of Monomers	57
3-4-2 Synthesis of Copolymers	64
Chapter 4	Synthesis, Photophysics and Electroluminescence of Copolyfluorenes Containing DCM Derivatives	87
4-1 Introduction	87
4-2 Experimental Section	89
4-3 Result and Discussion	90
4-3-1 Synthesis and Characterization	90
4-3-2 Photophysical Properties	92
4-3-3 Electrochemical Properties	97
4-3-4 Electroluminescent Properties	98
4-4 Conclusion	101
Chapter 5	Polyfluorenes Minimally Doped with 1,4-Bis(2-thienyl-2-cyanovinyl) benzene Chromophore: Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Application to White-Light-Emitting Materials	103
5-1 Introduction	103
5-2 Experimental Section	105
5-3 Results and Discussion	106
5-3-1 Synthesis and Characterization	106
5-3-2 Photophysical Properties	107
5-3-4 Electrochemical Properties	109
5-3-4 Electroluminescence Properties	111
5-4 Conclusion	115
Chapter 6	Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Light-Emitting Copolyfluorenes Slightly Doped with Distyrylbenzene Derivatives	117
6-1 Introduction	117
6-2 Experimental Section	119
6-3 Results and Discussion	120
6-3-1 Synthesis and Characterization	120
6-3-2 Photophysical Properties	121
6-3-3 Electrochemical Properties	123
6-3-4 Electroluminescent Properties	126
6-4 Conclusion	130
Chapter 7	Copolyfluorenes Containing Phenothiazine or Thiophene Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in White-Light-Emitting Diodes	131
7-1 Introduction	131
7-2 Experimental Section	133
7-3 Results and Discussion	135
7-3-1 Synthesis and Characterization	135
7-3-2 Photophysical Properties	136
7-3-3 Electrochemical Properties	139
7-3-4 Electroluminescent Properties	141
7-4 Conclusion	145
Chapter 8	Synthesis of Copolyfluorenes Containing Green Chromophores Based on Triphenylamine Unit and Their Application in Light-Emitting Diodes	147
8-1 Introduction	147
8-2 Experimental Section	149
8-3 Results and Discussion	151
8-3-1 Synthesis and Characterization	151
8-3-2 Photophysical Properties	153
8-3-3 Electrochemical Properties	157
8-3-4 Electroluminescent Properties	159
8-4 Conclusion	164
Chapter 9	Conclusion	165
References and Notes	169
Appendix	
Currculum Vitae	183
List of Publication	185
 List of Schemes
Scheme 2-1 Chemical structures of PMOT, PCHT, PTOPT and POPPPVC	42
Scheme 3-1 The synthetic procedures of monomer DCM-Br	57
Scheme 3-2 The synthesized procedures of monomer G-Br and R-Br	60
Scheme 3-3 The synthetic procedures of monomers PhT-Br and ThT-Br	61
Scheme 3-4 The synthetic procedures of monomers TP-Br and TT-Br	63
Scheme 3-5 The synthetic procedures of copolyfluorenes PFD	64
Scheme 3-6 The synthetic procedures of copolyfluorenes PFG and PFR	65
Scheme 3-7 The synthetic procedures of copolyfluorenes PFPhT and PFThT	65
Scheme 3-8 The synthetic procedures of copolyfluorenes PFTP and PFTT	66
Scheme 4-1 The structure of the dibromo monomer DCM-Br	88
Scheme 4-2 The synthetic procedure of the copolymer PFD	89
Scheme 5-1 The synthetic procedure of model compound (MR) and dibromo monomer (R-Br)	105
Scheme 5-2 The synthetic procedure of copolyfluorene PFR	106
Scheme 6-1 The synthetic procedure of model compound (MG), dibromo monomer (G-Br) and the copolymers (PFG)	119
Scheme 7-1 The structures of the dibromo monomers (TP-Br and TT-Br)	133
Scheme 7-2 The synthetic procedures of dibromo monomers (PhT-Br and ThT-Br) and copolymers (PFPhT and PFThT)	134
Scheme 8-1 The structures of the dibromo monomers TP-Br and TT-Br	149
Scheme 8-2 The synthetic procedures of dibromo monomers (PT-Br and TT-Br) and copolymers (PFTP and PFTT)	150
Scheme 9-1 Chemical structures of dibromo monomers (chromophore precursors)	165

 
List of Tables
Table 1-1 The comparisons of all kinds of displays.	1
Table 1-2 The characterization of all kinds of displays.	1
Table 1-3 Comparison of OLEDs and LCDs.	3
Table 2-1 The comparison of EL polymers and small molecules.	9
Table 2-2 Colors and associated typical wavelength ranges.	36
Table 4-1 Polymerization Results and Characterization of the Copolymers.	91
Table 4-2 Photophysical Properties of the PFD.	93
Table 4-3 Electrochemical Potentials of the PFD.	97
Table 4-4 Electroluminescent Properties of the PFD and Blend Devices.	99
Table 5-1 Characterization Properties of the Copolymers.	107
Table 5-2 Photophysical Properties of the Copolymers.	109
Table 5-3 Electrochemical Potentials of the MR and Polymers.	110
Table 5-4 Electroluminescent Properties of the Devices.	113
Table 6-1 Characterization Properties of PF and PFG.	121
Table 6-2 Optical Properties of MG, PF and PFG.	122
Table 6-3 Electrochemical Potentials of the MG, PF and PFG.	124
Table 6-4 Electroluminescent Properties of the Devices.	127
Table 6-5 Electroluminescent Properties of the Blend Devices.	129
Table 7-1 Polymerization Results and Characterization of the Copolymers.	135
Table 7-2 Photophysical Properties of Monomers, PF, and Copolyfluorenes.	138
Table 7-3 Electrochemical Potentials of Monomers and Copolymers.	141
Table 7-4 Electroluminescent Properties of the Devices.	142
Table 7-5 Electroluminescent Properties of the Blend Devices.	144
Table 8-1 Polymerization Results and Characterization of the Polymers.	152
Table 8-2 Photophysical Properties of the Polymers.	152
Table 8-3 Electrochemical Potentials of the Polymers.	158
Table 8-4 Electroluminescent Properties of the LED Devices.	161
Table 8-5 Electroluminescent Properties of the Blend Devices.	163
Table 9-1 The Photophysical and Chemical Properties of the chromophores.	166
Table 9-2 The Electroluminescent Properties of the White-Light-Emitting Devices.	168
 
List of Figures
Figure 1-1-1  The configuration of the OLEDs and LCDs	2
Figure 2-1-1  The relationship between the brightness and the current density in an OLED made of an anthracene single crystal	5
Figure 2-1-2  The structures of Alq3 and aromatic diamine	5
Figure 2-1-3  (a) The bilayer device of Alq3 (Kodak); (b) the single layer device of PPV (CDT)	6
Figure 2-1-4  The electroluminescent mechanism	7
Figure 2-1-5  Configurations of typical EL devices	8
Figure 2-2-1  Type of EL materials	10
Figure 2-2-2  Core structures of widely used emissive conjugated polymers	11
Figure 2-2-3  PPV derivatives with alkyl and alkoxy substituents	11
Figure 2-2-4  Examples of the PPP derivatives	12
Figure 2-2-5  Examples of PF homopolymer and its derivatives	12
Figure 2-2-6  PT homopolymer and regiochemistry of poly(alkylthiophene)s	13
Figure 2-2-7  The Friedel-Craft polymerization	13
Figure 2-2-8  The McCullough Methode of PTs	14
Figure 2-2-9  Heck reaction for the synthesis of PPVs	14
Figure 2-2-10  Suzuki coupling for the polymerization	15
Figure 2-2-11  Stille coupling reaction for the synthesis of copolymers	15
Figure 2-2-12  Synthesis of PPVs polymers through the Wittig reaction	15
Figure 2-2-13  Synthesis of PPV polymers through the Wittig-Horner condensation	16
Figure 2-2-14  Synthesis of CN-PPV via Knoevenagel condensation reaction	16
Figure 2-2-15  Synthesis of MEH-PPV through the Gilch route	16
Figure 2-2-16  Synthesis of PFs using Yamamoto coupling	17
Figure 2-3-1  The electron spins of the ground state and excited states	18
Figure 2-3-2  The energy-level diagram for a typical photoluminescent molecule	19
Figure 2-3-3  The spectral shift of TDBC (a) and rod-like arrangements (b) in aggregation 	22
Figure 2-3-4  Exciton splitting in dimers for parallel and head-to-tail geometries of the constituent molecules	23
Figure 2-3-5  The mechanism of excimer (or exciplex) formation	24
Figure 2-3-6  Schematic of chain packing for the Monte Carlo global minimum in MEH-PPV and CN-PPV	24
Figure 2-3-7  Poly(fluorene) derivatives with large side groups (left) or spiro architecture (right)	25
Figure 2-3-8  An EL polymer was observed formation of electroplex	25
Figure 2-3-9  The reabsorption processes	26
Figure 2-3-10  The mechanism of Förster and Dexter energy transfer	26
Figure 2-3-11  The Förster type energy transfer	27
Figure 2-3-12  The excited energy of Alq3 transfer to DCM	28
Figure 2-3-13  The Dexter type energy transfer	28
Figure 2-4-1  Schematic illustration on the left depicting the general structure of a two-layer PLED device (left) and the energy band diagram (right).	29
Figure 2-4-2  Electronic properties of typical electrode metals	31
Figure 2-4-3  Energy level diagram of a two-layer PLED device under forward bias.	32
Figure 2-4-4  The EL device efficiency	33
Figure 2-4-5  Structure of multi-layer devices	34
Figure 2-5-1  (a) Cross section through human eyes. (b) Schematic view of retina including rod and cone light receptor.	35
Figure 2-5-2  Eye sensitivity function (left ordinate) and luminous efficacy, measured in lumens per Watt of optical power (right ordinate)	36
Figure 2-5-3  1931 CIE xyz color matching functions	37
Figure 2-5-4  The 1931 CIE chromaticity coordinates	38
Figure 2-5-5  Principle of color mixing illustrated with two or three light sources	39
Figure 2-6-1  The EL device with multiple emissive layers	40
Figure 2-6-2  EL spectrum and device structure of the trichromatic white light device (Kodak)	41
Figure 2-6-3  EL spectra of device III (n-hexane) and IV (toluene). Device configuration: ITO/PVK/C12O-PPP/Ca/Ag	41
Figure 2-6-4  WOLED devices with emissive layer containing multiple dopants	42
Figure 2-6-5  Chemical structures of the materials and the EL spectra of the white emitting devices	44
Figure 2-6-6  Molecular structures and the EL spectra of the device measured at various voltages	45
Figure 2-6-7  Chemical structure of PFO-DBTx-BTy and EL spectra of the PFO-R010-G018 device under different operating voltages	46
Figure 2-6-8  Chemical structure of PFIrRG and EL spectra of the PFIrR1G03 device under different operating voltages	47
Figure 2-7-1  Schematic the chemical structures of the copolyfluorenes	48
Figure 2-7-2  Illustrated the dichromatic or trichromatic white-light-emission	49
Figure 3-2-1  The DSC instrument	52
Figure 3-2-2  Four types of absorption transition	53
Figure 3-2-3  An overall view of CV experiment	54
Figure 3-2-4  Mechanism of tapping-mode AFM	55
Figure 3-4-1  The 1H NMR spectrum of compound 2	66
Figure 3-4-2  The 1H NMR spectrum of compound 4	67
Figure 3-4-3  The 1H NMR spectrum of compound 5	67
Figure 3-4-4  The 1H NMR spectrum of compound 6	68
Figure 3-4-5  The 1H NMR spectrum of compound 7	68
Figure 3-4-6  The 1H NMR spectrum of compound 8	69
Figure 3-4-7  The 1H NMR spectrum of compound 9	69
Figure 3-4-8  The 1H NMR spectrum of monomer DCM-Br	70
Figure 3-4-9  The 1H NMR spectrum of monomer G-Br	70
Figure 3-4-10  The 1H NMR spectrum of monomer R-Br	71
Figure 3-4-11  The 1H NMR spectrum of monomer 11	71
Figure 3-4-12  The 1H NMR spectrum of monomer PhT-Br	72
Figure 3-4-13  The 1H NMR spectrum of monomer ThT-Br	72
Figure 3-4-14  The 1H NMR spectrum of monomer 15	73
Figure 3-4-15  The 1H NMR spectrum of monomer TP-Br	73
Figure 3-4-16  The 1H NMR spectrum of monomer TT-Br	74
Figure 3-4-17  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFD0.5	74
Figure 3-4-18  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFD1	75
Figure 3-4-19  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFD5	75
Figure 3-4-20  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFD10	76
Figure 3-4-21  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFD25	76
Figure 3-4-22  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFD50	77
Figure 3-4-23  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFR1	77
Figure 3-4-24  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFR2	78
Figure 3-4-25  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFG1	78
Figure 3-4-26  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFG2	79
Figure 3-4-27  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFG3	79
Figure 3-4-28  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFG4	80
Figure 3-4-29  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFPhT1	80
Figure 3-4-30  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFPhT2	81
Figure 3-4-31  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFThT1	81
Figure 3-4-32  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFThT2	82
Figure 3-4-33  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFTP1	82
Figure 3-4-34  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFTP2	83
Figure 3-4-35  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFTP3	83
Figure 3-4-36  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFTT1	84
Figure 3-4-37  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFTT2	84
Figure 3-4-38  The 1H NMR spectrum of copolymer PFTT3	85
Figure 4-1  (a) absorption and (b) PL spectra of the PFD and the dibromo monomers in chloroform (1×10-5 M)	92
Figure 4-2  Photoluminescence of the PFD solutions (1×10-5 M in chloroform) under irradiation with 365 nm light	94
Figure 4-3  PL spectra of the polymers in the film state (excitation wavelength: 380 nm)  	95
Figure 4-4  PL spectra of the blend film from PF and PFD25 (excited by 500 nm). The values are the molar percent of the chromophores in the blends	96
Figure 4-5  Cyclic voltammograms of DCM, PFD0.5, and PFD50 films coated on Pt electrode (scan rate: 100 mV/s)	96
Figure 4-6  EL spectra of the devices (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca/Al)	98
Figure 4-7  Current density-voltage (●: PFD5, ○: Blend-20) and brightness-voltage (▲: PFD5, △: Blend-20) characteristics of the EL devices	99
Figure 4-8  Emission spectra of the EL devices from PFD0.5, Blend-20, Blend-10, and Blend-5. The values after the hyphen are the molar percent of PFD0.5 in the blends (PF + PFD0.5)	100
Figure 4-9  EL spectra of Blend-20 device under different operating voltages. The values in the parentheses are the 1931 CIE coordinates (x, y) of the emission light	101
Figure 5-1  Absorption and PL spectra of the polymers (excitation: 385 nm) and MR (excitation: 450 nm) in chloroform (1×10-5 M)	108
Figure 5-2  Absorption and PL spectra of the polymers (excitation: 385 nm) and MR (in PMMA and excitation: 450 nm) in the film state	109
Figure 5-3  Optimized geometries obtained from minimizing energy calculations for PFR 	110
Figure 5-4  The EL spectra of the polymer devices [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca(50 nm)/Al(100 nm)]	111
Figure 5-5  Current density-bias (●: PF, ▼: PFR1, ■: PFR2) and brightness-bias (○: PF, ▽: PFR1, □: PFR2) characteristics of the EL devices	112
Figure 5-6  The EL spectra of the blending devices [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca(50 nm)/Al(100 nm)]. MR1: MR/PVK = 1/2; MR2: MR/PVK = 1/20; PFR: PFR/PVK = 1/1	114
Figure 6-1  Absorption and PL spectra of the PF (excitation: 385 nm) and MG dispersed in PMMA (blending ration: MG/PMMA = 1/14) in the film state; excitation: 350 nm	121
Figure 6-2  Absorption and PL spectra of PF and PFG (excitation: 385 nm): (a) in chloroform (1×10-5 M), (b) in the film state	122
Figure 6-3  Cyclic voltammograms of MG, PFG4, and PF films coated on glassy carbon working electrode (scan rate: 5 mV/s)	123
Figure 6-4  Energy band diagram of PF and green model MG	124
Figure 6-5  Optimized geometries and molecular orbital of linked fluorene and MG chromophore in PFG obtained from semi-empirical MNDO calculation	125
Figure 6-6  Emission spectra of the EL devices measured at ca. 1000 cd/m2; device structure: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca(50 nm)/Al(100 nm)	126
Figure 6-7  (a) Brightness-voltage and (b) current density-voltage characteristics of the EL devices (●: PF, ▲: PFG1, ■: PFG2, ♦: PFG3, ▼:PFG4)	128
Figure 6-8  EL spectra of the WPLED devices measured at ca. 1000 cd/m2; device structure: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/emitting layer/Ca(50 nm)/Al(100 nm)	129
Figure 6-9  The CIE coordinates of the EL devices based on PFG doped with iridium complexes	130
Figure 7-1  TGA thermograms and DSC traces (inset) of the copolymers recorded at a heating rate of 20 oC /min	135
Figure 7-2  Absorption and PL spectra of (a) PF, PFPhT and PhT-Br; (b) PF, PFThT and ThT-Br in chloroform (1×10-5 M)	137
Figure 7-3  Normalized PL spectra of (a) PF, PFPhT and PhT-Br; (b) PF, PFThT and ThT-Br in the film state. The PhT-Br and ThT-Br were dispersed in PMMA (6.7 wt%)	139
Figure 7-4  Cyclic voltammograms of monomer (PhT-Br, ThT-Br) and copolymer films coated on glassy carbon electrode (scan rate: 20 mV/s)	140
Figure 7-5  Current density-bias (a) and brightness-voltage (b) characteristics of the EL devices	142
Figure 7-6  EL spectra of LED devices	143
Figure 7-7  EL spectra of the blend devices	143
Figure 8-1  Absorption (a) and PL spectra (b) of polymers (excitation: 385 nm) in chloroform (1×10-5 M)	153
Figure 8-2  PL spectra of (a) PFTP and (b) PFTT in film state (excitation: 385 nm)	154
Figure 8-3  PL spectra of PFTT3: (a) in chloroform; (b) in film state blending with PF (weight ratio = PFTT3/PF)	155
Figure 8-4  Cyclic voltammograms of the polymers (PF, PFTP3, PFTT3) films coated on glassy carbon electrode (scan rate: 20 mV/s)	157
Figure 8-5  EL spectra of the LED devices [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca(50 nm)/Al(100 nm)]; obtained at maximum luminance for PFTP3 and PFTT3 devices or at ca. 1000 cd/m2 for other devices.	159
Figure 8-6  Current density-bias (a) and brightness-voltage (b) characteristics of the LED devices; device configuration: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca(50 nm)/Al(100 nm).	160
Figure 8-7  EL spectra of the blend devices (at ca. 1000 cd/m2). Device configuration: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/emitting layer/Ca(50 nm)/Al(100 nm), compositions of the emitting layers are described in Table 8-5.	162
                                    

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