背景：本研究從認知行為和認知電生理角度來探討不同位置的菁英籃球員之執行功能是否不同。方法：本研究招募了四十六名大專菁英籃球員，其中包含二十七名後衛以及十九位中鋒，執行視覺的執行/不執行作業(Go/NoGo)，並同時收錄其事件相關電位(event-related potential, ERP)訊號。統計方面，人口統計學資料使用獨立樣本T檢定來分析，實驗結果的行為(反應時間(reaction time, RT)和正確率(accuracy rate, AR))和認知電生理(N2和P3成分波之震幅和潛時)指標則使用重複量數變異數分析法來進行分析。結果：研究結果顯示，後衛和中鋒表現出同等的行為表現(RTs和ARs)。在認知電生理指標方面，在執行情境中，後衛比起中鋒表現出較短的N2潛時，而在不執行情境中，後衛比起中鋒反而表現出較長的N2潛時。此外，不論在執行或不執行情境，後衛比起中鋒都表現出較小的P3震幅。結論：雖然在後衛和中鋒的行為抑制能力相同，但後衛和中鋒在面對刺激物和非刺激物的刺激評估和反應選擇歷程有不同的處理效率。此外，後衛比起中鋒在動作前的準備歷程以及決策階段時傾向徵招較少的認知資源。

In the present study, the effect of predominant playing position in elite basketball players on executive function using both behavioral and electrophysiological measurements was investigated. Forty-six elite basketball players, including 27 guards and 19 forwards, were recruited. Event-related potential (ERP) signals were simultaneously recorded when the athletes performed the visual Go/NoGo task. Demographic characteristics were statistically analyzed using an independent t-test, while behavioral (i.e., reaction time (RT) and accuracy rate (AR)) and electrophysiological variables (N2 and P3 amplitudes and latencies) were subjected to a repeated-measures ANOVA. Analyses of the results revealed that the guards and forwards groups exhibited comparable behavioral (i.e., RTs and ARs) performance. With regards to the electrophysiological indices, the guards relative to the forwards exhibited shorter N2 latency in the Go condition, longer N2 latency in the NoGo condition, and smaller P3 amplitude across the two conditions. These results suggested that although guards and forwards exhibited similar abilities in terms of behavioral inhibition, different neural processing efficiencies still exist in the playing positions, with guards showing divergent efficiency in target evaluation and response selection of the target and non-target stimuli and fewer cognitive resources during premotor preparation and decision making as compared to the forwards.

Alderman, B. L., Olson, R. L., & Brush, C. J. (2019). Using event-related potentials to study the effects of chronic exercise on cognitive function. International Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 17(2), 106-116.
Amenedo, E., & Dıaz, F. (1998). Aging-related changes in processing of non-target and target stimuli during an auditory oddball task. Biological Psychology, 48(3), 235-267.
Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F. M., & Krustrup, P. (2008). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: A useful tool for evaluation of physical performance in intermittent sports. Sports Medicine, 38(1), 37-51.
Bennys, K., Portet, F., Touchon, J., & Rondouin, G. (2007). Diagnostic value of event-related evoked potentials N200 and P300 subcomponents in early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 24(5), 405-412.
Bianco, V., Di Russo, F., Perri, R. L., & Berchicci, M. (2017). Different proactive and reactive action control in fencers’ and boxers’ brain. Neuroscience, 343, 260-268.
Bruin, K., Wijers, A., & Van Staveren, A. (2001). Response priming in a go/NoGo task: do we have to explain the go/NoGo N2 effect in terms of response activation instead of inhibition? Clinical Neurophysiology, 112(9), 1660-1671.
Carrasco, M. (2011). Visual attention: The past 25 years. Vision Research, 51(13), 1484-1525.
Cid-Fernández, S., Lindín, M., & Diaz, F. (2014). Effects of amnestic mild cognitive impairment on N2 and P3 Go/NoGo ERP components. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 38(2), 295-306.
Di Russo, F., Bultrini, A., Brunelli, S., Delussu, A. S., Polidori, L., Taddei, F., . . . Spinelli, D. (2010). Benefits of sports participation for executive function in disabled athletes. Journal of Neurotrauma, 27(12), 2309-2319.
Di Russo, F., Taddei, F., Apnile, T., & Spinelli, D. (2006). Neural correlates of fast stimulus discrimination and response selection in top-level fencers. Neuroscience Letters, 408(2), 113-118.
Diamand, A. (2013). Executive function. The Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168.
Dong, G., Lu, Q., Zhou, H., & Zhao, X. (2010). Impulse inhibition in people with Internet addiction disorder: electrophysiological evidence from a Go/NoGo study. Neuroscience letters, 485(2), 138-142.
Donkers, F. C., & Van Boxtel, G. J. (2004). The N2 in go/no-go tasks reflects conflict monitoring not response inhibition. Brain and Cognition, 56(2), 165-176.
Drinkwater, E. J., Pyne, D. B., & McKenna, M. J. (2008). Design and interpretation of anthropometric and fitness testing of basketball players. Sports Medicine, 38(7), 565-578.
Gajewski, P. D., Stoerig, P., & Falkenstein, M. (2008). ERP—correlates of response selection in a response conflict paradigm. Brain Research, 1189, 127-134.
Guo, Z., Chen, R., Liu, X., Zhao, G., Zheng, Y., Gong, M., & Zhang, J. (2018). The impairing effects of mental fatigue on response inhibition: An ERP study. PloS One, 13(6), e0198206.
Helsen, W. F., & Starkes, J. L. (1999). A multidimensional approach to skilled perception and performance in sport. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13(1), 1-27.
Isoglu-Alkac, U., Ermutlu, M. N., Eskikurt, G., Yücesir, İ., Temel, S. D., & Temel, T. (2018). Dancers and fastball sports athletes have different spatial visual attention styles. Cognitive Neurodynamics, 12(2), 201-209.
Köklü, Y., Alemdaroğlu, U., Koçak, F., Erol, A., & Fındıkoğlu, G. (2011). Comparison of chosen physical fitness characteristics of Turkish professional basketball players by division and playing position. Journal of Human Kinetics, 30, 99-106.
Kappenman, E. S., & Luck, S. J. (2012). ERP components: The ups and downs of brainwave recordings. The Oxford handbook of event-related potential components, 3-30.
Kok, A. (2001). On the utility of P3 amplitude as a measure of processing capacity. Psychophysiology, 38(3), 557-577.
Kopp, B., Mattler, U., Goertz, R., & Rist, F. (1996). N2, P3 and the lateralized readiness potential in a NoGo task involving selective response priming. Electroencephalography Clinical Neurophysiology, 99(1), 19-27.
Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Amstrup, T., Rysgaard, T., Johansen, J., Steensberg, A., . . . Bangsbo, J. (2003). The yo-yo intermittent recovery test: physiological response, reliability, and validity. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 35(4), 697-705.
Maimón, A. Q., Courel-Ibáñez, J., & Ruíz, F. J. R. (2020). The basketball pass: A systematic review. Journal of Human Kinetics, 71(1), 275-284.
Montuori, S., D'Aurizio, G., Foti, F., Liparoti, M., Lardone, A., Pesoli, M., . . . Sorrentino, P. (2019). Executive functioning profiles in elite volleyball athletes: Preliminary results by a sport-specific task switching protocol. Human Movement Science, 63, 73-81.
Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., Van Den Wildenberg, W., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2003). Electrophysiological correlates of anterior cingulate function in a go/no-go task: effects of response conflict and trial type frequency. Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral Neuroscience, 3(1), 17-26.
Ortega, E., Cárdenas, D., Sainz de Baranda, P., & Palao, J. (2006). Analysis of the final actions used in basketball during formative years according to player's. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 50(4), 427-431.
Piispala, J., Kallio, M., Bloigu, R., & Jansson-Verkasalo, E. (2016). Delayed N2 response in Go condition in a visual Go/NoGo ERP study in children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 48, 16-26.
Puente, C., Abián-Vicén, J., Areces, F., López, R., & Del Coso, J. (2017). Physical and physiological demands of experienced male basketball players during a competitive game. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 31(4), 956-962.
Scanlan, A. T., Tucker, P. S., & Dalbo, V. J. (2014). A comparison of linear speed, closed-skill agility, and open-skill agility qualities between backcourt and frontcourt adult semiprofessional male basketball players. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 28(5), 1319-1327.
Schumacher, N., Schmidt, M., Wellmann, K., & Braumann, K.-M. (2018). General perceptual-cognitive abilities: Age and position in soccer. PloS one, 13(8), e0202627.
Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B. (2006). Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(9), 919-932.
Sindik, J. (2015). Performance indicators of the top basketball players: relations with several variables. Collegium antropologicum, 39(3), 617-624.
Skinner, B., & Goldman, M. (2017). Optimal strategy in basketball. In Handbook of statistical methods and analyses in sports (pp. 245-260): Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Smith, J. L., Johnstone, S. J., & Barry, R. J. (2008). Movement-related potentials in the Go/NoGo task: the P3 reflects both cognitive and motor inhibition. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119(3), 704-714.
Trninić, S., & Dizdar, D. (2000). System of the performance evaluation criteria weighted per positions in the basketball game. Collegium Antropologicum, 24(1), 217-234.
Trninić, S., Dizdar, D., & Jaklinović-Fressl, Ž. (1999). Analysis of differences between guards, forwards and centres based on some anthropometric characteristics and indicators of playing performance in basketball. Kinesiology, 31(1), 28-34.
Tsai, C. L., Chang, Y. K., Hung, T. M., Tseng, Y. T., & Chen, T. C. (2012). The neurophysiological performance of visuospatial working memory in children with developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 54(12), 1114-1120.
Tsai, C. L., Chen, F. C., Pan, C. Y., Wang, C. H., Huang, T. H., & Chen, T. C. (2014). Impact of acute aerobic exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on visuospatial attention performance and serum BDNF levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 41, 121-131.
Tsai, C. L., Huang, T. H., & Tsai, M. C. (2017a). Neurocognitive performances of visuospatial attention and the correlations with metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in adults with obesity. Experimental Physiology, 102(12), 1683-1699.
Tsai, C. L., Pan, C. Y., Chen, F. C., Huang, T. H., Tsai, M. C., & Chuang, C. Y. (2019). Differences in neurocognitive performance and metabolic and inflammatory indices in male adults with obesity as a function of regular exercise. Experimental Physiology, 104, 1650-1660.
Tsai, C. L., Pan, C. Y., Chen, F. C., & Tseng, Y. T. (2017b). Open-and closed-skill exercise interventions produce different neurocognitive effects on executive functions in the elderly: A 6-month randomized, controlled trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 294.
Tsai, C. L., Wang, C. H., Pan, C. Y., Chen, F. C., Huang, S. Y., & Tseng, Y. T. (2016). The effects of different exercise types on visuospatial attention in the elderly. Psychology of Sport Exercise, 26, 130-138.
Tsai, C. L., & Wang, W. L. (2015). Exercise-mode-related changes in task-switching performance in the elderly. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 56.
Vestberg, T., Gustafson, R., Maurex, L., Ingvar, M., & Petrovic, P. (2012). Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players. PloS one, 7(4), e34731.
Williams, A., Ward, P., Smeeton, N., & Ward, J. (2008). Task specificity, role, and anticipation skill in soccer. Research Quarterly for Exercise Sport, 79(3), 428-433.
Wylie, S. A., Bashore, T. R., Van Wouwe, N. C., Mason, E. J., John, K. D., Neimat, J. S., & Ally, B. A. (2018). Exposing an “Intangible” cognitive skill among collegiate football players: enhanced interference control. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 49.