本研究旨在探討日式管理組織文化與基層幹部的管理才能與工作績效的相關性，以理解台灣與日本密切互動的產業歷史所形成之特有管理文化，是否對基層幹部的養成有所助益，並藉研究結果，探討提升幹部管理才能與工作績效之方法。研究架構由日式管理、工作特性、內外控人格、管理才能與工作績效等五個構面因素所構成，其中自變數為工作特性與內外控人格，中介變數為管理才能，依變數為工作績效，調節(干擾) 變數為工作績效。研究方法採用問卷方式，對非自動化產業的幹部進行調查，共計回收205份有效問卷，調查結果應用因素及信度分析、描述性統計、差異分析、相關分析、迴歸分析及線性結構關係模式分析等方法進行，實證結果顯示：
一、工作特性與內控人格特質與管理才能的關係為正相關。
二、工作特性與內外控人格透過管理才能的中介效果，會影響工作績效。
三、幹部之管理才能與工作績效為正相關。
四、工作特性與内外控人格受日式管理的調節作用對幹部之管理才能產生影響。其中又以對外控人格有正向之調節作用較為特殊。

This article targets on the study of moderating effect of Japanese management culture on the management competency and performance. The management culture in Taiwan formed through over century relationship between Taiwan and Japan business society may influence the management competency and performance of first line supervisor. Through result this study we intend to prove the cultural effect and find the key factor to improve the ability of first line supervisor. We select job characteristic and internal-external control personality as independent variables, performance as dependent variable, management competency as mediator, and, Japanese management culture as moderator. The survey had collected 205 effective questionnaires from several companies with different products. The data was analysis through factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, multivariable analysis, regression analysis and linear structure relation analysis. The empirical results show that:
1. Job characteristic and internal control personality has positive correlation with management competency.
2. Job characteristic and internal-external control personality have effect on performance through mediating effect of management competency.
3. Management competency of first line supervisors has positive correlation to their performance.
4. Job characteristic and internal-external control personality have effect on supervisor’s management competency through moderating effect of Japanese management culture. The most special is the positive moderating effect to external control personality.

大野耐一原著、何月華譯(2003)，大野耐一的現場經營，台灣：中衛發展中心。
王宗鴻(2006)，人格特質、主管領導風格與人力資源管理措施對工作投入與工作績效之影響。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
江福興(2004)，以社會資本觀點探討國內製造業員工之人格特質與工作價值觀對其工作績效之影響。成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
江錦樺(2001)，人格特質與組織文化之適配性對工作績效之影響－以高科技F公司為例，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文
余雅屏(2003)，人格特質、自我導向學習以及工作績效之相關性研究，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
吳彥輝(2000)，運用模糊層級分析法於建構管理才能評鑑模式之研究，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
呂華棣(2001)，員工個人屬性與工作特性之滿意度及中階主管配適管理才能之關聯性研究－以台電公司總管理處員工為例，國立交通大學經營管理研究所碩士論文
李正鏞(2006)，管理才能、內部行銷、工作士氣與工作績效關係之研究─以嘉南地區縣市警察局為例，南華大學管理科學研究所碩士論文
李孝永(2004)，國軍人員激勵偏好及工作滿意度之探討－以空軍後勤指揮部為例，義守大學管理研究所碩士論文。
李茂興、余伯泉譯，Michael Argyle 著(1995)，工作社會心理學。台北：巨流。
李啟宏(2008)，全面品質管理對公司經營績效之影響研究，國立中山大學企業管理學系研究所碩士論文
林坤龍(2002)，台商之台籍幹部與大陸籍幹部核心才能與績效之比較研究 以永豐餘公司為例，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
林啟清(2008)，製造業推行全面生產管理對組織公民行為之研究，高雄師範大學人力與知識管理研究所碩士論文
林淑梨、王若蘭、黃慧真譯，E. Jerry Phares 著(1994) 人格心理學。台北：心理。
林盛昌(2002), JIT生產體系績效衡量之研究--平衡計分卡觀點, 東吳大學會計學系碩士論文
林惠霞(1996)，台北市政府主管人員管理才能發展需求評估之研究-美國聯邦管理才能架構應用於我國之分析。國立中興大學公共行政及政策研究所碩士論文。
林碧梅(2008)，工作特性、知識分享意願與工作績效關聯性之研究--以臺北縣新莊市公所為例，世新大學行政管理學研究所碩士論文
林寶生(2004)，組織氣候、工作特性、內外控人格、自我效能與工作績效之關係研究－以陸軍某基地進訓基層單位為例，大葉大學國際企業管理學系在職專班碩士論文
邱展謙(1993)，領導型態、部屬人格特質與員工組織承諾相關之研究。中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文。
俞碩彥(2007)，工廠基層幹部的現場管理做法之探討－以台灣半導體業為例，國立清華大學工業工程與工程管理學系碩士論文
張仁杰(2001)，領導者/部屬交換理論與組織行為有關變數關係之研究，國立成功大學企業管理學系碩士論文。
張來平(1985)，高中、高職學生內外制握與疏離感關係之比較研究，國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
陳旭耀(2006)，管理者自我導向學習傾向、管理才能、工作績效之相關研究－以知覺組織支持為干擾變項，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文
陳英美(2007)，精實生產與製造績效之關係探討，國立中山大學企業管理學系碩士論文。
黃盈彰(2000)，國小教師的工作特質、學校組織氣候、制控信念與成就動機對工作滿意度影響之研究，臺 東師範學院教育研究所碩士論文
黃堅厚(1979)，國小及國中學生內外控信念之研究，師大教育心理學報，12，1-12。
廖志偉(2002)，管理者的支持參與、JIT組織文化與產業差異對實施JIT生產系統績效之影響，大同大學事業經營研究所碩士論文
廖佳音(2008)，工作特性對工作績效之影響-工作負荷認知與自我效能感調節效果之探討，國立中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文
廖聯僖(2006)，連鎖店之店經理管理才能與工作績效之關係研究，以壓力因應為中介變數，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文
鄭臻妹(2001)，內外控人格特質、工作特性及工作績效之分析研究―以台灣高科技產業員工為例，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所，碩士論文。
蕭勝彥(1991)，全員品質管理，三民書局，台北市
鍾司倩(2003)，台商企業任用大陸當地中階主管管理才能之研究，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
羅時宏(2004)，新進人員人格特質、資訊尋找行為與組織社會化之關聯性研究 ，國防管理學院資源管理研究所碩士論文。
譚地洲(2004)，松下幸之助如是說：實現你的價值，漢湘文化出版
蘇義祥(1998)，中華電信專戶服務部門領導型態與工作績效關係之研究：服務人員特質及成熟度的調節作用，國立中山大學企業管理學系，碩士論文。
Abbott, J. B., Boyd, N. G., Miles, G. (2006). Does type of team matter? An investigation of the relationships between job characteristics and outcomes within a team-based environment. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 485–507.
Baron, R. M., Kenny, D A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, No. 6, 1173-1182.
Borman, W. C., Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). "Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance." N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, & Associates, Personnel Selection in Organization, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 71~98.
Bratton, A,D.(1998). Develop A Framework of Core Competencies, Credit Union Magazine,17-18
Cameron, K. S., Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Chisholm, M. E. 1976. Medial Personnel in Education: A Competency approach, Englewood Cliffs. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Crawford, K. M., Cox, J. F. (1991). Addressing Manufacturing Problems Through the Implementation, Production and Inventory Management Journal 32, No.1, 33-36.
Dessler, G (2003). Human Resource Management, 9th ed., Upper Saddle River New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Dessler, G. 1982. Management Fundamentals. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company.
Ebrahimpour, M., Schonberger, R. J. (1984). The Japanese Just-In-Time/Total Quality Control Production System: Potential for Developing Countries., International Journal of Production Research 22, No.3, 422-426.
Fiedler, F. E. (1967), A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Finch, B. J., Cox, J. F. (1986), An Examination of Just- in-Time Management for the Small Manufacturer: With an Illustration, International Journal of Production Research 24, No. 2, 392-342.
Fullerton, R. R. and McWatters, C.S. (2001), The Production Performance Benefits from JIT Implementation, Journal of Operations Management 19, No.6, 81-96.
Fullertona, R. R., McWattersb, C. S. (2002), The role of performance measures and incentive systems in relation to the degree of JIT implementation, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 27, 711–735
Furnham, A., Schaeffer, R. (1984). "Person-Environment. Fit, Job Satisfaction and Mental Health." Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 57, 295-307.
Furnham, A. (1992). Personality at Work: The Role of Individual Differences in the Workplace, London: Routledge, Chapman and HallInc.
Gatewood, R. D., Field, H. S. (1998). Human Resource Selection, 4th ed., New York: the Dryden Press, Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
George, M. L. (2002), 精實六標準差，樂為良譯，美商麥格羅希爾國際股份有限公司台灣分公司，台北市
Goldhar, D. Y., Stamm, C. L. (1991). The Just-In-Time Philosophy: A Literature Review. International Journal of Production Research, 29(4), 657-676.
Guglieliemino (1979). “Developing the top-level executive for the 1980’s and beyond”, Training and Development, 12-14.
Hackman, J. Richard; Oldham, Greg R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey., Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 60(2), 159-170
Hackman, J.R., Lawler E. E.(1971). Employee reactions to job characteristics., Journal of Applied Psychology, 55, 259~286
House, R. J. (1971). “A Path-goal Theory of Effectiveness”, Administrative Science Quarterly,No:16, 321-338
Inman, R. A. (1988). Implications for the implementation of the Just-In-Time philosophy in manufacturing firms., DBA Dissertation, Memphis State University,.
James, L. R., Brett, J. (1984). Mediators, Moderators, and Tests for
Johnston, S. K. (1989). JIT: Maximizing Its Success Potential, Production and Inventory Management Journal 30, No.1: 82-86.
Judge, Timothy A., Joyce E. Bono., (2001). "Relationship of Core Self-Evaluation—Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability—with Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 1, 80-92.
Kane, J.S., Lawler, E.E. (1976). "Performance Appraisal Effectiveness: Its Assessment and Determinants." In B. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Bchavior. Vol.1, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 425-478.
Katz,R.L. (1955). Skill of an Effective Administrator, Harvard Business Review,Vol.49,No.7, 33-42.
Ledford, G. E., Jr. (1995). “Paying for the Skill, Knowledge, and Competencies of Knowledge Workers.” Compensation and Benefits Review, 27(4), pp.55-62
Lee, Y.D., Lain, J.W., Chen, C.Y. (1999). "A Study on the Measurement of Productivity for White-Collor Employees: A Case of Electronic Industry in Taiwan." The Chinese Military Academy Journal, 345-361
Locke, E. A. (1973). "Satisfactions and Dissatisfactions among White and Blue Collar Employee." Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.58, 59-167.
Lummus, R. R., Duclos-Wilson L. (1992). When JIT Is Not JIT, Production and Inventory Management Journal 33, No.2, 61-65.
McCelland, D. C. (1973). A Guide to Job Competency Assessment, Boston: McBer & Co.
McLachlin, R., Chris P. (1990). Just- in-Time Production, Business Quarterly 55, No.1, 36-41.
Mitchell, T.R. (1979). "Organizational Behavior." Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 22, 426-435
Mitchell, T. R., Smyser, G.M., Weed, S.E. (1975). Locus of Control, Supervision and Work Satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 18, 623-631.
Mitrani, A., Dalziel, M., Fitt, D. (1996). Competency Based Human Resource Management.UK.
Moulton, H. W. (1993). Executive Development: Preparing for the 21st century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Orth, D., Hybil R., Korzan, D. (1990). Analysis of a JIT Implementation at Dover Corporation, Production and Inventory Management Journal 31, No.3, 79-83.
Pervin, L. (1968). "Performance and Satisfaction as a Function of Individual-Environment Fit." Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 69, 56-68.
Prahalad, C.K., Hammel,G. (1990). The Core Competence of The Corporation,Harvard Business Review,pp.79-91
Raymond, A. N. 1998. Employee Training & Development. Chicago: IRWIN
Robbins, S. P. (1998). Organizational Behavior, 8th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall International.
Rotter, J.B. (1966). “Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement,” Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-27.
Sandrick, K. (1996). “From CFO to CEO: What Does It Take to Make the Leap?” Health Financial Management, Iss. HFM Resource Guide Supplement, 5-11
Sandwith,P. (1993), A Hierarchy of Management Training Requirements: The Competency Domain Model, Public Personnel Management, Vol.22, No.1.1.
Schermerhorn, J. R. (1999). Management, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Schonberger, R. J. (1982). Japanese Manufacturing Techniques: Nine Hidden Lessons in Simplicity. New York: The Free Press
Shah, R., Ward, P. T. (2007). Defining and developing measures of lean production, Journal of Operations Management, 25, pp.785–805
Shah, R., Ward, P. T. (2003) Lean manufacturing: context, practice bundles and performance, Journal of Operations Management, 21 , pp.129–149
Spector, P.E. (1986). "Interaction Effects of Perceived Control and Job Stressors on Affective Reactions and Health Outcomes for Clerical Workers." Work & Stress, Vol 1, 155.
Spencer, L. M., Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence At Work. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Stone, E.F., Porter, L.W. (1975). Job characteristics and attitudes: A multivariate study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 57~64
Suzaki, K. (1996). The New Shop Floor Management：Empowering People For Continuous Improvement . New York：The Free Press.
Temponi, C., Shardul Y. P. (1995). Implementation of two JIT elements in small-sized manufacturing firms, Production and Inventory Management Journal 36, No.3, 23-28.
Turner, A. N., Lawrence, P. R. (1965). Industrial job and the worker: An investigation of response to task attributes. Boston: Harvard Univ. Press.
Venkatraman, N. (1986). "Measurement of Business Performance in Strategy Research: A Comparison of Approaches." Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, 801-804.
White, R., Rush, W. (1990). The Comparison and Scope of JIT, Operations Management Review 7, No.2, 9-18.
White, R. E. (1993). An Empirical Assessment of JIT in U.S. Manufacturers, Production and Inventory Management Journal 34, No.2, 38-42.
Womack, J. P., Jones, D. T. (1996). “Lean Thinking”, Simon & Schuster, New York。
Young, Dulewicz (2009). A study into leadership and management competencies predicting superior performance in the British Royal Navy, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 28, No. 9