員工幸福感與工作效能、績效有密切的關連性，在企業組織中備受重視。本研究採員工中心的觀點，探討(1)調節焦點(促進焦點、預防焦點)與員工心理幸福感(控制感、正向自我)；(2)主管的嚴格要求與仁慈照顧，在上述關係中的調節作用。
以台灣民(私)營企業的員工為對象，進行調查研究。採取時間隔離法，前後發放時間相隔一個半月，蒐集兩次資料。結果顯示：(1)促進動機對第一次、第二次之控制感、正向自我有正向預測效果。(2)預防焦點對第一次控制感有負向預測效果，對第一次控制感與第一次、第二次之正向自我則無顯著效果。(3)專權領導在預防焦點與第一次控制感間具有正向調節效果，在促進焦點、預防焦點與第二次之控制感間具有負向調節效果。(4)尚嚴領導在預防焦點與第一次正向自我間具有正向調節效果，在其與第二次之控制感間具有負向調節效果。(5)仁慈領導在促進焦點與第二次控制感、正向自我間具有正向調節效果，在預防焦點與第一次控制感、正向自我間具有正向調節效果。最後本文亦針對研究貢獻、限制與未來研究方向加以闡述。

Employee well-being has been an important issue in organizations due to its close linkage to work effectiveness and performance. However, to date, there have been relatively little research conducted on regulatory focus and psychological well-being (PWB), and many studies recruited students as participants instead of employees. Therefore, we adopted employee’s center approach to explore: (1) the relationship between employee’s regulatory focus and psychological well-being, which includes two dimensions: control and positive self. (2) The moderating effect of supervisor’s strict demanding and benevolent care. We used a sample of 750 members from private enterprises as participants by temporal separation of measurement for a month and a half. Results indicated that: (1) employee’s promotion focus is positively associated with control-related PWB and positive self-related PWB. (2) employee’s prevention focus is negatively associated with control-related PWB but not positive self-related PWB. (3) people-related authoritarian leadership has positive moderations among prevention focus and control-related PWB. (4) task-related authoritarian leadership has positive moderations among prevention and positive self-related PWB. (5) Benevolence leadership has a positive moderation effect of prevention focus on control and positive self-related PWB. Finally, the influence of regulatory focus and paternalistic leadership on following PWB, the contributions, limitations, and future directions were discussed in the study.

牛君白(2006)。家長式領導及其效能之再探: 一項情境故事法的分析(碩士論文)。取自台灣博碩士論文系統。
吳宗祐、徐瑋伶、鄭伯壎 (2002)。怒不可遏或忍氣吞聲: 華人企業主管威權領導與部屬憤怒反應。本土心理學研究，18，3-49。
邢占軍(2005)。對主觀幸福感測量的反思。本土心理學研究，24，301-323。
林姿葶、鄭伯壎(2012)。華人領導者的噓寒問暖與提攜教育: 仁慈領導之雙構面模式. 本土心理學研究，37，253-302。
林姿葶、鄭伯壎、周麗芳(2014)。家長式領導: 回顧與前瞻。本土心理學研究，42，3-82。
周婉茹、周麗芳、鄭伯壎、任金剛(2010)。專權與尚嚴之辨: 再探威權領導的內涵與恩威並濟的效果。本土心理學研究，34，223-284。
高良、郑雪(2009)。当代西方幸福感研究的问题与方向。自然辩证法通讯，31(1)，84-88。
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽(2006)。管理研究中的共同方法變異: 問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報，23(1)，77-98。
趙安安、高尚仁(2005)。台灣地區華人企業家長式領導風格與員工壓力之關聯。應用心理研究，27，111-131。
樊景立、鄭伯壎(2000)。華人組織的家長式領導: 一項文化觀點的分析，本土心理學研究，13，126-180。
鄭伯壎(1993)。家長權威價值與領導行為之關係探討。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告，報告編號 NSC82-0301-H002-029。台北: 行政院國家科學委員會。
鄭伯壎(1995)。家長權威與領導行為之關係: 一個台灣民營企業主持人的個案研究。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，79，105-159。
鄭伯壎、周麗芳(2005)。家長式領導三元模式: 現代轉化及其影響機制── 威權領導: 法家概念的現代轉化. 行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告, 報告編號 NSC94-2413-H-002-003-PAE。台北: 行政院國家科學委員會。
鄭伯壎、周麗芳、黃敏萍、樊景立、彭泗清(2003)。家長式領導的三元模式: 中國大陸企業組織的證據。本土心理學研究，20，209-250。
鄭伯壎、周麗芳、樊景立(2000)。家長式領導: 三元模式的建構與測量. 本土心理學研究，14，3-64。
鄭伯壎、樊景立,、周麗芳(2006)。家長式領導: 模式與證據。台北: 華泰文化。
Abbott, R. A., Ploubidis, G. B., Huppert, F. A., Kuh, D., Wadsworth, M. E., & Croudace, T. J. (2006). Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff's psychological well-being items in a UK birth cohort sample of women. Health and quality of life outcomes, 4(1), 1.
Bass, B. M., & Stogdill, R. M. (1990). Handbook of leadership: New York: Free Press.
Boreham, P., Povey, J., & Tomaszewski, W. (2016). Work and social well-being: the impact of employment conditions on quality of life. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(6), 593-611.
Carr, D. (1997). The fulfillment of career dreams at midlife: Does it matter for women's mental health? Journal of health and social behavior, 331-344.
Chiasson, N., Dube, L., & Blondin, J.-P. (1996). Happiness A Look into the Folk Psychology of Four Cultural Groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27(6), 673-691.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1-11.
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagné, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8), 930-942.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American psychologist, 55(1), 34.
Diener, E., Horwitz, J., & Emmons, R. A. (1985). Happiness of the very wealthy. Social Indicators Research, 16(3), 263-274.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L., & Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute? Social Indicators Research, 28(3), 195-223.
Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of economic psychology, 29(1), 94-122.
Elliot, A. J., Sedikides, C., Murayama, K., Tanaka, A., Thrash, T. M., & Mapes, R. R. (2012). Cross-cultural generality and specificity in self-regulation: Avoidance personal goals and multiple aspects of well-being in the United States and Japan. Emotion, 12(5), 1031.
Elliot, A. J., Sheldon, K. M., & Church, M. A. (1997). Avoidance personal goals and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(9), 915-927.
Elliot, A. J., Sedikides, C., Murayama, K., Tanaka, A., Thrash, T. M., & Mapes, R. R. (2012). Cross-cultural generality and specificity in self-regulation: Avoidance personal goals and multiple aspects of well-being in the United States and Japan. Emotion, 12(5), 1031.
Elliot, A. J., Thrash, T. M., & Murayama, K. (2011). A longitudinal analysis of self‐regulation and well‐being: Avoidance personal goals, avoidance coping, stress generation, and subjective well‐being. Journal of Personality, 79(3), 643-674.
Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(5), 1058.
Farh, J.-L., & Cheng, B.-S. (2000). A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations Management and organizations in the Chinese context (pp. 84-127): Springer.
Frazier, L. D., Newman, F. L., & Jaccard, J. (2007). Psychosocial outcomes in later life: a multivariate model. Psychology and aging, 22(4), 676.
Friedman, R. S., & Förster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1001.
Grant, A. M., Christianson, M. K., & Price, R. H. (2007). Happiness, health, or relationships? Managerial practices and employee well-being tradeoffs. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(3), 51-63.
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American psychologist, 52(12), 1280.
Higgins, E. T., Roney, C. J., Crowe, E., & Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(2), 276.
Higgins, T., & Tykocinski, O. (1992). Seff-Discrepancies and Biographical Memory: Personality and Cognition at the Level of Psychological Situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(5), 527-535.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad? Organizational dynamics, 9(1), 42-63.
Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of international business studies, 75-89.
Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological Well‐being: Evidence Regarding its Causes and Consequences†. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 1(2), 137-164.
Huppert, F. A., & Whittington, J. E. (2003). Evidence for the independence of positive and negative well‐being: Implications for quality of life assessment. British journal of health psychology, 8(1), 107-122.
Idson, L. C., & Higgins, E. T. (2000). How current feedback and chronic effectiveness influence motivation: Everything to gain versus everything to lose. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(4), 583-592.
Idson, L. C., Liberman, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2000). Distinguishing gains from nonlosses and losses from nongains: A regulatory focus perspective on hedonic intensity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36(3), 252-274.
Ilies, R., Morgeson, F. P., & Nahrgang, J. D. (2005). Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader–follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 373-394.
Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society: Princeton University Press.
Kling, K. C., Seltzer, M. M., & Ryff, C. D. (1997). Distinctive late-life challenges: implications for coping and well-being. Psychology and aging, 12(2), 288.
Lee, A. Y., Aaker, J. L., & Gardner, W. L. (2000). The pleasures and pains of distinct self-construals: the role of interdependence in regulatory focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1122.
Lent, R. W. (2004). Toward a Unifying Theoretical and Practical Perspective on Well-Being and Psychosocial Adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 482.
Lewis, S. (2011). Positive psychology at work: How positive leadership and appreciative inquiry create inspiring organizations: John Wiley & Sons.
Liberman, N., Idson, L. C., Camacho, C. J., & Higgins, E. T. (1999). Promotion and prevention choices between stability and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1135.
Liberman, N., Idson, L. C., & Higgins, E. T. (2005). Predicting the intensity of losses vs. non-gains and non-losses vs. gains in judging fairness and value: A test of the loss aversion explanation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(5), 527-534.
Lindfors, P., Berntsson, L., & Lundberg, U. (2006). Factor structure of Ryff’s psychological well-being scales in Swedish female and male white-collar workers. Personality and individual differences, 40(6), 1213-1222.
Liu, J., Siu, O. L., & Shi, K. (2010). Transformational leadership and employee well‐being: The mediating role of trust in the leader and self‐efficacy. Applied Psychology, 59(3), 454-479.
Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative role models: regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 854.
Lu, L., & Yang, K. S. (2006). Emergence and composition of the traditional‐modern bicultural self of people in contemporary Taiwanese societies. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9(3), 167-175.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American psychologist, 56(3), 239.
Molden, D. C., & Higgins, E. T. (2004). Categorization under uncertainty: Resolving vagueness and ambiguity with eager versus vigilant strategies. Social Cognition, 22(2), 248.
Molden, D. C., Lee, A. Y., & Higgins, E. T. (2008). Motivations for promotion and prevention. Handbook of motivation science, 169-187.
Morrison, E., Bauer, W., & Shaw, M. (1977). China and the Search for Happiness. Recurring Themes in Four Thousand Years of Chinese Cultural History: JSTOR.
Nielsen, K., Randall, R., Yarker, J., & Brenner, S.-O. (2008). The effects of transformational leadership on followers’ perceived work characteristics and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Work & Stress, 22(1), 16-32.
Nielsen, K., Yarker, J., Brenner, S. O., Randall, R., & Borg, V. (2008). The importance of transformational leadership style for the well‐being of employees working with older people. Journal of advanced nursing, 63(5), 465-475.
Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and practice: Sage publications.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879.
Redding, S. G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism (Vol. 22): Walter de Gruyter.
Riediger, M., & Freund, A. M. (2004). Interference and facilitation among personal goals: Differential associations with subjective well-being and persistent goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(12), 1511-1523.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current directions in psychological science, 4(4), 99-104.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological inquiry, 9(1), 1-28.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2006). Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Social Science Research, 35(4), 1103-1119.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13-39.
Silin, R. H. (1976). Leadership and values: The organization of large-scale Taiwanese enterprises: Harvard Univ Asia Center.
Sparks, K., Faragher, B., & Cooper, C. L. (2001). Well‐being and occupational health in the 21st century workplace. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 74(4), 489-509.
Tamir, M., & Diener, E. (2008). Approach–Avoidance Goals and Well-Being: One Size Does Not Fit All. Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation, 415.
Usborne, E., Lydon, J. E., & Taylor, D. M. (2009). Goals and Social Relationships: Windows Into the Motivation and Well‐Being of “Street Kids” 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(5), 1057-1082.
Van De Voorde, K., Paauwe, J., & Van Veldhoven, M. (2012). Employee Well‐being and the HRM–Organizational Performance Relationship: A Review of Quantitative Studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 14(4), 391-407.
Van Dierendonck, D., Haynes, C., Borrill, C., & Stride, C. (2004). Leadership behavior and subordinate well-being. Journal of occupational health psychology, 9(2), 165.
van Dierendonck, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Moreno-Jiménez, B., & Dijkstra, M. (2009). Goal integration and well-being: Self-regulation through inner resources in the Netherlands and Spain. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.
Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678.
Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., & Conti, R. (2008). The implications of two conceptions of happiness (hedonic enjoyment and eudaimonia) for the understanding of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 41-79.
Westwood, R. (1997). Harmony and patriarchy: The cultural basis for'paternalistic headship'among the overseas Chinese. Organization studies, 18(3), 445-480.
Yi, L., Gore, J. S., & Kanagawa, C. (2014). Relational motivation and well‐being: A cross‐cultural comparison. Japanese Psychological Research, 56(4), 320-330.