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研究生： 黃子瑄
Huang, Tzu-Hsuan
論文名稱： LTE-A網路中D2D通訊系統容量及能量效益的聯合最佳化
Joint Optimization of Capacity and Energy Efficiency for Device-to-Device Communications in LTE-A Networks
指導教授： 陳曉華
Chen, Hsiao-Hwa
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 工程科學系
Department of Engineering Science
論文出版年： 2019
畢業學年度： 107
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 138
中文關鍵詞： 裝置間通訊 、能量效益 、凸優化 、線性規劃
外文關鍵詞： Device-to-Device communications, Energy efficiency, Convex optimization, Linear programming
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    • 近年來，裝置間(D2D)通訊被提出且認為是改進通道容量，延遲以及能量效率的有效方式。我們審視了與D2D通訊有關的能量效益的論文。在先前的論文中已經提出了關於於D2D通訊的能量效益最佳化問題。在本論文中，我們制訂並解決了直接和中繼輔助的D2D通訊的能量效益最佳化問題，並考慮多個D2D裝置對和一般蜂巢式網路用戶的場景。我們的最佳化目標是D2D裝置對和頻道被復用的一般蜂巢式網路用戶的整體系統能量效益。在每個迴圈內，最佳化問題分為功率控制階段和資源分配階段。在功率控制階段，可以將目標函數轉換為凸差（DC）結構，並應用一階泰勒展開式來達成線性近似，而梯度投影方法可用於解決約束凸優化問題。在資源分配階段，由於約束矩陣可以被證明是全單模矩陣，因此整數規劃問題可以被鬆弛成線性規劃問題並且可以透過有效且具有效率的的單純形法來解決。

    Device-to-Device (D2D) communications have been proposed as an effective way to improve channel capacity, delay, as well as energy efficiency (EE) in recent years. We survey papers about EE related to D2D communications. EE optimization problem for D2D communications has been proposed in previous papers. In this thesis, we formulate and solve the EE optimization problem for direct and relay-assisted D2D communications. The scenario of multiple D2D pairs and CUEs is considered. Our optimization objective is the overall system EE of DUEs and CUEs whose channels are reused in a single cell. In each iteration, the optimization problem is divided into power control stage and resource allocation stage. In power control stage, the objective functions are transformed into the difference-of-convex (DC) structure and the first order Taylor expansion is applied to accomplish the linear approximation. The gradient projection method can be used to solve the constrained convex optimization problem. In resource allocation stage, since the constraint matrix can be proved as a totally unimodular (TU) matrix, the integer programming (IP) problem is relaxed to a linear programming (LP) problem and can be solved by the effective and efficient simplex method.

    摘要vii Abstract ix Acknowledgements xi Table of Contents xiii List of Figures xvii List of Tables xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii List of Symbols xxxi Dedication xxxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Related Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 Fundamentals of D2D Communications 11 2.1 Introduction of D2D Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1.1 Classification of D2D Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1.2 Mode Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1.3 Interference Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 D2D Communications in LTE-A Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.1 LTE-A Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.2 D2D Communication Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3 Energy Efficiency Optimization for Direct D2D Communications 21 3.1 Direct D2D Communication Scenarios and the System Model . . . . . . . . 22 3.2 Problem Formulation of Energy Efficiency Optimization for Direct D2D Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.3 Solution of Energy Efficiency Optimization Problem for Direct D2D Communication Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.1 Transformation of the EE Optimization Problem and Iterative Procedure of Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.2 Decomposition of the Equivalent Optimization Problem . . . . . . . 31 3.3.3 Power Control Stage of the EE Optimization Problem . . . . . . . . 33 3.3.4 Resource Allocation Stage of the EE Optimization Problem . . . . . 41 3.4 Simulation Results and Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.4.1 Major Parameters and Simulation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.4.2 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4 Energy Efficiency Optimization for Relay-assisted D2D Communications 63 4.1 MRC Combining Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.2 Relay-assisted D2D Communication Scenarios and the System Model . . . . 66 4.3 Problem Formulation of Energy Efficiency Optimization for Relay-assisted D2D Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.4 Solution of Energy Efficiency Optimization Problem for Relay-assisted D2D Communication Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.4.1 Transformation of the EE Optimization Problem and Iterative Procedure of Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.4.2 Decomposition of the Equivalent Optimization Problem . . . . . . . 75 4.4.3 Power Control Stage of the EE Optimization Problem . . . . . . . . 76 4.4.4 Resource Allocation Stage of the EE Optimization Problem . . . . . 83 4.5 Simulation Results and Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.5.1 Major Parameters and Simulation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.5.2 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5 Conclusions and Future Works 109 5.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.2 Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 References 111 A Nonlinear Fractional Programming 119 A.1 Dinkelbach Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 B Convex Optimization 121 B.1 Convex Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 B.1.1 Convex Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 B.1.2 Definition of Convex Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 B.1.3 First-order Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 B.1.4 Second-order Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 B.2 Convex Optimization Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 B.3 The Difference of Convex Functions (DC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 B.4 Gradient Projection Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 B.4.1 Projection Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 B.4.2 The Procedure of Gradient Projection Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 C Total Unimodularity 135 C.1 Definition of Totally Unimodular Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 C.2 Verification of Totally Unimodular Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

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