自從工業革命以來，人口快速增長和高度科技發展導致資源大量消耗及二氧化碳大量排放，人類正面臨能源危機、食物短缺和全球暖化等環境衝擊。微藻不僅具有優越的二氧化碳捕捉效率，還能通過光合作用合成高價值化學品，已成為替代石化燃料的新興能源及達成碳中和的關鍵技術。
本研究以臺灣海域發現的藍綠藻種Cyanobacterium aponinum PCC10605為對象，探討其在鹽份條件下的碳捕捉效率、藻藍蛋白（C-PC）和碳水化合物的生產。碳、氮、磷是藍綠藻生長所需的三種主要營養源。許多研究表明，在缺氮環境下，藍綠藻透過分解胞內色素及蛋白質來合成糖原，以維持胞內代謝穩定及自身生長。然而，關於氮和磷之間效應的研究相對較少。本研究基於七天培養週期，分析在氮限制（2 mM）和氮充足（6 mM）條件下，不同磷水平對碳水化合物和藻藍蛋白產量的影響。同時，還探討了光照強度、二氧化碳濃度、溫度及補料策略在不同氮磷添加量下對PCC10605的影響。
結果顯示，將硝酸氮從2 mM增加至6 mM，使C-PC產率提升了9.7倍，同時碳水化合物產量下降91.1%。在氮限制條件下，磷濃度從0.1 mM提高到2 mM上調了碳酸酐酶（CA）、ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（glgC）和糖原磷酸化酶（glgP）的基因表達，從而促進生物量和碳水化合物的增長。此外，氮磷水平對PCC10605的代謝調控還受光照、二氧化碳進氣濃度和溫度等物理因子的影響，並發現在直接空氣捕捉（DAC）條件下2 mM的硝酸氮搭配2 mM的磷其達到76%的碳捕捉率。整體來說，在較溫和的條件下（1% CO2、100 μE），2 mM的氮搭配2 mM的磷能促使糖原累積量達到552 mg/L，而6 mM的氮搭配0.1 mM的磷則可達到較高的蛋白質產率304 mg/g-DCW和C-PC產率60 mg/g-DCW。這些發現強調了透過調控營養源的添加來控制PCC10605碳水化合物和蛋白質之間的平衡，並突顯了氮磷水平的影響。
接著探討微藻工程直接空氣捕捉技術的生命週期評估（LCA），以生產乾燥微藻和C-PC為目標，利用SimaPro軟體進行培養過程中的LCA分析，最終計算實驗室等級微藻製程的碳排放當量。研究結果顯示，透過將培養基換成的其他氮源，發現在不調控pH值的前提下，尿素（Urea）以及商業化肥（CF，NPK 24-5.1-20.5）對培養基選擇上的碳排放量有顯著的降低外，同時也可獲得較高的生物量，計算出培養基的碳封存量分別為0.737以及0.185 g CO2/L/week。此外，模擬戶外培養使用太陽能板，可達成每周1312 g CO2/week的減碳效益，相對室內培養系統降低了99.9%的碳排放當量，突顯了淨零目標的技術可行性。而在實驗室規模的培養模式下，透過PCC10605生產1 g的C-PC會排放127 kg CO2 eq，主要排放來源為電力消耗。
本研究透過探討PCC10605在營養源調控下的化學產品趨勢，並結合直接空氣捕捉的LCA，提出未來微藻工程實現淨零排放與永續經濟的政策建議。

Microalgae, with their superior carbon capture efficiency and ability to synthesize high-value chemicals through photosynthesis, are a promising alternative energy source and key for carbon neutrality. Studies show that under nitrogen-deficient conditions, cyanobacteria synthesize glycogen by degrading intracellular pigments and proteins to maintain stability and growth. However, the regulation of nitrogen and phosphorus levels remains unclear. This study focused on Cyanobacterium aponinum PCC10605 to investigate its carbon capture efficiency, production of C-phycocyanin (C-PC), and glycogen under saline conditions.
Over a seven-day cultivation cycle, the effects of different phosphorus levels on glycogen and C-PC production under nitrogen limitation (2 mM) and sufficiency (6 mM) were analyzed. Increasing nitrate (NO3-N) from 2 to 6 mM resulted in a 9.7-fold increase in C-PC and a 91.1% decrease in glycogen. Elevating phosphorus from 0.1 to 2 mM under nitrogen limitation enhanced biomass and glycogen through upregulation of carbonic anhydrase (CA), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (glgC), and glycogen phosphorylase (glgP). Nitrogen and phosphorus levels, along with light intensity, CO2 concentration, and temperature, influenced PCC10605's metabolic regulation. Under direct air capture (DAC) conditions, 2 mM nitrate nitrogen combined with 2 mM phosphorus achieved a carbon capture rate of 76%. In moderate conditions (1% CO2, 100 μE), 2 mM nitrogen with 2 mM phosphorus promoted glycogen accumulation up to 552 mg/L, while 6 mM nitrogen with 0.1 mM phosphorus achieved protein yield of 304 mg/g-DCW and C-PC yield of 60 mg/g-DCW. These findings highlight the trade-off between glycogen and protein based on nitrogen and phosphorus levels.
Additionally, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of microalgae engineering for direct air capture technology was conducted using SimaPro software. LCA analysis during cultivation showed significant carbon emissions reductions using urea and commercial fertilizer (CF, NPK 24-5.1-20.5) as nitrogen sources, achieving higher biomass yields without pH adjustment. The medium's carbon sequestration was 0.737 and 0.185 g CO2/L/week, respectively. Outdoor cultivation simulations using solar panels achieved a carbon reduction benefit of 1312 g CO2 eq/week, demonstrating a 99.9% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to indoor cultivation. Producing 1 g of C-PC with PCC10605 resulted in emissions of 127 kg CO2 eq, mainly from electricity consumption. This study presents policy recommendations for net-zero emissions and sustainable economies in microalgae engineering, exploring PCC10605's chemical product trends under nutrient regulation and combining LCA with direct air capture.

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