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研究生：	鄧坤宏 Prayogo, Finsen
論文名稱：	三明治式黏性土加勁擋土牆數值分析 Numerical Analysis of Cohesive Soil Reinforced Retaining Wall Structure with Sandwich Technique
指導教授：	洪瀞 Hung, Ching
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 土木工程學系 Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年：	2020
畢業學年度：	108
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	79
外文關鍵詞：	Reinforced retaining wall, Sandwich method, Finite element analysis, Working stress conditions, Displacement
相關次數：	點閱：112 下載：6
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Reinforced retaining wall has been known since 1971 in the United States and the construction of reinforced earth wall has been very popular lately in the application of a retaining wall. Sand is one of the constituent components of reinforced retaining wall that has an important role for its performance. Nowadays, the availability of sand is become very limited and this makes sand become very expensive. Encapsulating thin layer of sand (sandwich method) has been proved able to improve and enhance the soil-reinforcement interaction mechanism. Although, sandwich method has been proven to enhance the soil strength, the implementation of this method in the full-scale structure has not been done before. In this research, parametric studies using finite element analysis, Plaxis 3D, on sandwich retaining wall under working stress condition were carried out to observe its performance in different height, reinforcement length, and vertical spacing. The result shows sandwich structures are capable to reduce the wall displacement of cohesive soil by 30-40%. In term of lager vertical spacing, sandwich structure can show better performance compared to other retaining walls.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Passing Cetificate 	 i
Declaration	 ii
Abstract	 iii
Acknowledgement	 iv
Table of Content 	 v
List of Table 	 vii
List of Figures 	 viii

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1	Background 	 1
1.2	Methods and Procedure 	 2
1.3	Research Framework 	 3
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1	General	 5
2.2	Types of Retaining Wall	 6
2.3	Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining Wall	 11
2.3.1	Stress Transfer Mechanism	 11
2.3.2	Reinforcement Types	 13
2.3.3	Reinforcement Fill Materials	 14
2.3.4	Advantages of MSE Wall	 15
2.3.5	Potential Disadvantages of MSE Wall	 15
2.3.6	Detail of MSE Wall	 16
2.4	Study of “Sandwich” Technique	 17

CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS
3.1	General 	 30
3.2	Finite Element Analysis - PLAXIS 3D	 30
3.2.1	Basic Operation	 31
3.2.2	Boundary Condition	 31
3.2.3	Constitutive Model	 33
3.2.4	Interface	 38
3.3	Working Stress Condition	 42
3.4	c-ϕ Reduction Analysis	 43
CHAPTER 4 : MODELVALIDATION
4.1	General 	 44
4.2	Soil Model and Input Parameter 	 45
4.3	Modular Blocks and Interface	 47
4.4	Reinforcement	 47
4.5	Boundary and Toe Condition	 48
4.6	Construction Process	 48
4.7	Model Validation Results	 49
4.7.1	Horizontal and Vertical Toe Reactions	 49
4.7.2	Facing Displacements and Connection Loads	 50
4.7.3	Reinforcements Strain	 52
4.8	General Conclusion	 52
CHAPTER 5 : NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
5.1	General	 54
5.2	Numerical Model	 54
5.2.1	Boundary Conditions	 55
5.2.2	Material Properties	 58
5.3	Result	 61
5.3.1	Performance in Different Height	 61
5.3.2	Performance in Different Reinforcement Length	 63
5.3.3	Performance in Different Vertical Spacing	 64
5.3.4	Tensile Loads in Reinforcement	 66
5.3.5	Safety Factor	 67
5.4	Discussion	 68
CHAPTER VI : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
6.1	Conclusion 	 70
6.2  Suggestion 	 71

REFERENCE	 72
APPENDIX A	 76












LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Research Finding	 23
Table 4.1 Input parameter from full-scale wall validation analysis (data from Guler et al. 2007) 	 46
Table 5.1 Summary of the material properties used in simulation	 60
Table 5.2 Values used in parametric study	 61
Table 5.3 Summary of safety factor for all models	 67















LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1	  Research flowchart	 4
Figure 2.1	  Application of retaining wall in different conditions	 6
Figure 2.2	  Gravity retaining wall	 7
Figure 2.3	  Crib retaining wall	 7
Figure 2.4	  Gabion retaining wall	 8
Figure 2.5	  Cantilever retaining wall	 8
Figure 2.6	  Counter-fort/Buttressed retaining wall	 9
Figure 2.7	  Anchored retaining wall	 9
Figure 2.8	  Piled retaining wall	 10
Figure 2.9	  Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining wall	 10
Figure 2.10	Frictional stress transfer between soil-reinforcement surfaces	 12
Figure 2.11	Passive bearing-frictional resistance on reinforcement surfaces	 13
Figure 2.12	Cross-section of MSE structure	 16
Figure 2.13	(a) Shear displacement curves and (b) Failure envelopes for clay and clay-geogrid samples (Abdi et al., 2009)	 19
Figure 2.14	(a) Shear displacement curves and (b) Failure envelopes for sand and sand-geogrid samples (Abdi et al., 2009)	 19
Figure 2.15	(a) Shear displacement curves and (b) Failure envelopes for sandwich samples (Abdi et al., 2009)	 20
Figure 2.16	Bound coefficient of clay-sand-geogrid (sandwich), clay-geogrid, and sand-geogrid. (Abdi et al., 2009)	 21
Figure 2.17	Pullout force of sandwich samples with thickness 8 cm and 10 cm (Abdi et al., 2009)	 22
Figure 3.1	The yield surfaces and hardening characteristics of hardening soil	 34
Figure 3.2	Basic ideal of an elastic perfectly plastic model	 36
Figure 3.3	The Mohr-coulomb yield surface in principal stress space	 37
Figure 3.4	The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion	 38
Figure 3.5	Inflexible corner point	 39
Figure 4.1	Cross-section of model validation adopted from full-scale	 44
Figure 4.2	Validation Model in PLAXIS 3D	 45
Figure 4.3	Horizontal and vertical toe reactions from numerical analysis with measured data reported by Hatami and Bathurst (2005)	 50
Figure 4.4	Facing displacement and connection loads from numerical analysis with measured data reported by Hatami and Bathurst (2005)	 51
Figure 4.5	Reinforcement strains from numerical analysis with measured data reported by Hatami and Bathurst (2005)	 53
Figure 5.1	Cross-section  and 3D numerical model of reinforced retaining wall without thin sand layer (sandwich layer) in current study	 56
Figure 5.2	Cross-section  and 3D numerical model of reinforced retaining wall with thin sand layer (sandwich layer) in current study	 57
Figure 5.3	Detail modeling of sandwich layer	 58
Figure 5.4	Comparison of wall displacement in different height: (a) 4 m height;    (b) 6 m height; (c) 8 m height	 62
Figure 5.5	Comparison of maximum displacement for sand, clay, and sandwich structure in different height	 62
Figure 5.6	Comparison of wall displacement in different reinforcement length: (a) 0.5H; (b) 0.7H; (c) 1.5H	 63
Figure 5.7	Comparison of maximum displacement for sand, clay, and sandwich structure in different reinforcement length	 62
Figure 5.8	Comparison of wall displacement in different vertical spacing:        (a)  0.5 m; (b) 0.75 m; (c) 1 m	 65
Figure 5.9	Comparison of maximum displacement for sand, clay, and sandwich structure in different vertical spacing	 65
Figure 5.10	Comparison of reinforcement load for sand, clay, and sandwich       (H = 6 m; L = 0.7H; and Sv = 1 m)	 66

                                    

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校內：2022-08-01公開
校外：2022-08-01公開

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