泥火山是許多元素自岩石圈釋放進入地表水圈以及大氣圈的重要通道，而相對來說，淺層海洋沈積環境卻是水圈以及岩石圈之間重要的元素沈降區域。本研究利用活塞岩心採集台灣西南海域沈積孔隙水（深度最大35公尺）以及臺灣陸地泥火山流體並分析他們的化學成分（氯、鈉、鉀、鎂、鈣、硼、鍶、鋰、鋇、溴、碘、硫）以及硼以及氯的同位素比值。結果顯示在海洋沈積孔隙水方面，硫酸根濃度隨深度降低，在一些岩心站位濃度甚至接近零，指示此區具有強烈快速的硫酸還原反應。氯濃度、氯同位素、溴、鈉、鉀濃度並沒有隨深度變化，顯示樣品並沒有紀錄到天然氣水合物解離或是源自深部的流體訊號。鎂、鈣、鍶濃度隨著硫酸根濃度變化，表示有自身性碳酸鈣沈澱的發生。有趣的是，鋰濃度也隨著硫酸根濃度變化，這在文獻中是很少見的，有可能是與矽酸岩共沈澱。鋇濃度在硫酸根接近完全消耗深度以下開始顯著增加，指示重晶石溶解的發生。硼濃度比海水高，陸上泥火山流體的硼濃度更是顯著的高於海水；結合硼同位素，較高濃度與較低同位素比值顯示臺灣西南海域沈積孔隙水中的硼行為主要受控於黏土礦物的脫附現象；而陸地泥火山流體則是受控於遷移過程中的再吸附行為。碘濃度的增加則是來源於有機物的分解。陸地泥火山流體中，氯的濃度主要受控於不同程度的黏土礦物脫水，氯同位素的分化可能為較重的同位素進入固相中，造成液相中氯的同位素比值變輕。泥火山流體中硼、鋇、鋰、鈉濃度的增加，伴隨鎂、鈣、鉀濃度的降低，此現象為成岩作用發生的標準樣式。對南化泥火山時間序列的研究結果顯示南化泥火山的來源單純，為單一來源庫；影響泥火山流體化學成分的主要因子為天水的添加。同時間對下游河水成分的監測則指示泥火山的噴發對河水成分有顯著但短暫的影響。臺灣陸地泥火山氣體成分主要為甲烷（>90%）、二氧化碳（1-5%）、空氣（可能為氮氣，1-5%），中崙泥火山有著與其他泥火山不同的氣體成分，主要氣體為二氧化碳(<85%)以及含量較少的甲烷（<37%）。各烷類氣體濃度以及甲烷的碳同位素比值顯示臺灣陸地泥火山氣體來源為較深的熱生成來源，除了古亭坑背斜區的泥火山是屬於較淺的生物源至混合源甲烷；烷類氣體組成也顯示各泥火山受到不同程度遷移作用的影響。臺灣陸地泥火山每年直接排放980-2010公噸的甲烷以及230-315公噸的二氧化碳至大氣中，其中九成以上的甲烷屬於熱生成來源，這也指示泥火山是不可忽視的溫室氣體來源。總的來說，影響淺層海洋沈積環境元素分佈最重要的機制是硫酸還原及其伴隨的反應；而影響泥火山流體最重要的機制則是成岩作用。

Mud volcanoes are important element sources from lithosphere to the hydrosphere and the atmosphere while the shallow marine environment is a sink between the lithosphere and the hydrosphere. Pore fluids separated from piston cores (up to 35m long) and mud volcanoes on land were collected so that their element distributions (Cl, Na, K, Ca, Mg, B, Sr, Li, Ba, Br, I, and SO42-), gas composition, methane carbon isotopes, B and Cl isotopes could be analyzed. Results show that in marine pore fluids, sulfate decreases with depth and even reaches near zero concentration in some cores, indicating strong and fast sulfate reduction is occurring in this region. Cl, Na, δ37Cl, Br, K do not vary with depth, indicating no or minor gas hydrate occurrence or deep fluids addition. Mg, Ca, and Sr decrease with sulfate, indicating carbonate precipitation with sulfate reduction (bacterial sulfate reduction and anaerobic oxidation of methane). Interesting co-variation of Li and sulfate may result in silicate precipitation. Ba shows an increase trend below the sulfate methane transition zone, indicating barite dissolution. B has a higher concentration than seawater both in marine pore fluids and in mud volcano fluids on land, which is more enriched in B. The accompanied lower δ11B indicates that desorption of B from sediments and organic degradation are the additional source of B in pore fluids with possible dilution of gas hydrate dissociation and re-adsorption during fluid migration in mud volcanoes on land. The increase of I in both offshore and on land pore fluids reveals organic decomposition. In mud volcanoes on land, Cl is strongly affected by different degrees of clay dehydrate with groundwater addition in some mud volcanoes near the Chu-kou fault. Cl isotopes in pore fluids may be fractionated by 37Cl incorporated into solid phase. The increase of B, Ba, Li/Cl, and Na/Cl with a decrease of Mg, K, and Ca indicates typical results of diagenesis. Results of time series analysis of the Nan-hua mud volcano indicate it has a single reservoir with shallow dilution by meteoric water. The results of the analysis of downstream river water point out strong but temporal influences in river water chemistry during the eruption of the mud volcano. The gas compositions of mud volcanoes are methane (>90%), carbon dioxide (1-5%) and air (possible endogenesis nitrogen, 1-5%), except that mud volcanoes in the Chung-lun area show a CO2 concentration up to 85% with a much less CH4 content (<37%). Hydrocarbon gas speciation and carbon isotope of methane indicate that mud volcanoes on land release thermogenic gases, except mud volcanoes on Gu-ting-keng Anticline, which release gases of biogenic source to mixing source. These gases also suffer slight to severe migration effect while migrating upward. More than 90% of the emitted gases are thermogenic gases, similar to other mud volcanoes worldwide. Moreover, the estimation of directly released greenhouse gases based on Taiwanese mud volcanoes (CH4: 980-2010, CO2: 230-315 tons/a) indicates the input of greenhouse gases through mud volcanoes on land cannot be ignored. In conclusion, the most important mechanism for element distribution in marine pore fluids is sulfate reduction and associated processes while it is diagenesis in fluids erupted from mud volcanoes on land.

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