本研究利用三維逆向計算流體力學方法結合最小平方法與過多的實驗溫度數據預測矩形空腔內之電池組的適當流動模型與電池模組的熱傳率估計值。此外，預測不同對流形式、開口方向與間距之電池組空腔模型內的流體流動與熱傳特性。透過對零方程式模型、標準 k-ε模型與RNG k-ε模型的測試發現，零方程式模型不論是在自然對流或是混合對流，皆具有較小的均方根誤差值，分別為0.41%與0.49%。另外利用所得的估計值與既有的經驗公式進行比較，以衡量流動模型的準確性。
在自然對流的模型中，比較U型開口與只具有上方開口的空腔，發現前者可以降低電池組內的最大溫度約4.69 K。另外透過增加電池間距也可以有效的降低電池上方空間之聚熱現象與電池組最大溫度差，降低幅度約15%。在混合對流中，透過比較不同開口與風扇進風口位置之模型，發現改變間距對電池組的最大溫度與最大溫度差造成之影響較改變進出風口的位置明顯。而在相同的開口模型下，自然對流與混合對流的散熱效益差異極大，電池組之最大溫度可差距約20 K。

In this paper, the battery pack in the rectangular cavity with natural and mixing convection, different opening location and cell spacing (d) is investigated. Both experimental and numerical studies are conducted to predict the proper flow model and the estimated heat transfer rate (Q) of the battery module.
The results reveal that the zero-equation model is suitable for both natural and mixing convection in this scenario, which RMSE values of 0.41% and 0.49%, respectively. Additionally, the estimated heat transfer coefficients (h ̅_ck) are also compared with empirical correlations to validate accuracy. After proposing the correlations, the results closely match the estimated h ̅_ck.
In the case of natural convection, changing the cooling configuration from top opening to U-type can reduce the maximum battery temperature by about 4.69 K. For mixing convection, it is found that increasing the cell spacing has more significant effect on the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference. Finally, the maximum temperature can drop significantly by 20 K when the convection type changes to mixing convection.

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