在量子網絡中，相互連接的節點構成分散式量子資訊處理的主幹，當多網路節點糾纏形成圖態時，幾乎所有現有的分散式量子任務都離不開這樣的量子平台;當前糾纏目擊（entanglement witness）已被廣泛使用於檢測製造的量子網路，確認其是否為真正的(純)多體糾纏(genuine multipartite entanglement)。但現實網絡可能受到技術限制和噪音的影響，使得節點在最壞的情況下從量子節點衰變為可用古典物理描述的古典節點； 此時，由於糾纏目擊的分析並無考量量子系統中出現古典節點的情況，這使得糾纏目擊在驗證分散式量子任務的真正的多體糾纏時不可靠。
針對上述的問題，我們首先在理論上證明當目標狀態為格林伯格-霍恩-蔡林格狀態(GHZ states)時，真正的多體之量子操控性(genuine multipartite quantum steering)可使用原本設計於偵測糾纏目擊的可觀測量來識別； 因此，當一個未知的網路被識別具有此特性時，可以完全屏除古典節點的存在。我們進一步完成在實驗上之驗證，透過使用自發參數下轉換(spontaneous parametric down-conversion)製造出兩對偏振糾纏光子對，將兩對偏振糾纏光子對的各一個光子在極化光束分光器(polarizing beam splitter)上干涉； 使的兩對糾纏光子對糾纏形成接近格林伯格-霍恩-蔡林格狀態的四光子糾纏，並且透過理論的分析結果識別其具有真正的多體之量子操控性。本研究表明在產生的目標狀態為格林伯格-霍恩-蔡林格狀態時，使用糾纏目擊的可觀測量所獲得的狀態保真度，其可以同時偵測真正的多體糾纏以及識別真正的多體之量子操控性，並且在實驗上實現真正的四光子之量子操控性。我們提供了以格林伯格-霍恩-蔡林格狀態作為目標狀態來進行量子資訊任務前，在網路中所有節點皆不可被古典物理描述的前提下，偵測真正的多體糾纏之新標準，以及實現符合該標準且接近四光子格林伯格-霍恩-蔡林格狀態的狀態。

In quantum networks, connected nodes of a quantum system are used as the backbone to accomplish distributed quantum information processing. Almost all existing distributed quantum tasks cannot be separated from such a quantum platform when each network node is entangled in the graph state; currently, entanglement witness (EW) is widely used to detect whether the generated quantum networks is genuine multipartite entanglement. However, real networks may be suffering from technical limitations and noise, making the nodes decay from quantum nodes to classical nodes described by classical physics in the worst case; at this point, since the analysis of EW does not takes into account the presence of classical nodes in the created networks, EW is no longer dependable in verifying genuine multipartite entanglement. To address the above problem, we first prove in theory that when the target state is the Greenberg-Horn-Zeilinger states (GHZ states), the genuine multipartite quantum steering can be identified using the observables designed originally to detect EW; hence, when an unknown network is identified to have this property, the existence of classical nodes can be completely excluded. To further complete the experimental certification, we use the spontaneous parametric down-conversion to generate two pairs of polarization-entangled photon pairs, and one photon of the two pairs of polarization-entangled photon pairs are interfered on the polarizing beam splitter; then leading to the fusion of two entangled photon pairs into four-photon entanglement close to the GHZ states, which is identified by the results of the theoretical analysis as having genuine multipartite quantum steering. This study demonstrates that the state fidelity obtained by using the observables to detect EW can simultaneously detect genuine multipartite entanglement and identify genuine multipartite quantum steering when the generated target state is the GHZ states; furthermore, we experimentally implement the genuine four-photon quantum steering. Before taking the GHZ states as the target state for quantum information tasks, we provide the new criteria to detect genuine multipartite entanglement under the condition that all nodes in the networks are indescribable by classical physics and implement a state close to the four-photon GHZ state that also satisfies the new criteria.

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