極端環境與人口遽增導致淡水資源短缺與分配不均，影響民生與經濟發展，嚴重至可能發生戰爭。不僅工廠排放之廢水污染環境，產業所需貴重金屬需求日益增加。電容去離子(CDI)法具低能耗與環境友善優勢，已成為非常有潛力之脫鹽技術，利用多孔活性碳表面之電雙層電吸附水中離子，可以同時達到分離離子與回收淨水之目標。因此，發展高效率電容去離子法從無機廢水回收貴重金屬與淨水兼具。
本研究包括：利用棕梠殼與苦茶油殼廢棄物回收製成活性碳(activated carbon, AC)，結合奈米銀核殼材料(Ag@C)，作為具消毒功能的CDI電極，也合成假電容性核殼奈米粒子(M3O4@C (M：Mn、Co或Fe))、AC@sulfonated graphene oxide (AC@SGO)作為流經(flow-by)與流體式(fluidized)之CDI電極，並以SEM/TEM、BET、FTIR、XPS、XAS、CV、EIS技術進行材料特性分析。此外，利用X光吸收近邊緣光譜結構(XANES)與X光吸收延伸光譜精細結構(EXAFS)分析烏腳病區地下水與垃圾填埋氣(LFG)冷凝物之砷形態。
實驗結果顯示，在施加反轉電壓(-1.6至+1.6 V)下，具高消毒能力之Ag@C/AC電極之電吸附效率可達40%。M3O4@C在+1.2 V下，發現電吸附效率增加至48%。比較M3O4@C/AC與AC電極之能量存儲之效率，M3O4@C/AC電極在+1.2 V下比純AC電極(54%)具高能量存儲效率(89%)。
從XANES光譜顯示As(III)0在CDI電吸附過程會氧化為As(V)-，模擬含砷地下水中砷的平均電吸附效率為64~78%，氧化速率常數高達0.93 h-1。在實際受砷污染之地下水，儘管水中存有其他離子(Na+、Mg2+與Ca2+)，CDI 仍可有效去除 As(III)0與As(V)- (60~73%)。掩埋場廢水處理之冷凝物XANES與EXAFS結果顯示硫醇化砷化合物的砷XANES 光譜與LFG相似。在冷凝物中觀察到的As-S/As-O距離與甲基化硫代砷酸鹽接近。
本研究另一個重點為處理含重金屬污染之廢水並研發可回收其中貴重金屬離子之可行性。含氰化物之電鍍廢水具環境危害性，利用CDI可處理氰化物之電鍍廢水，並同時從廢水中回收貴重金屬(例如：Ag+)。CDI在模擬KCN (200 ppm)溶液，使用|AC@SGO(流體電極)|AC(流體電極)|流體化電極，對 CN- 的電吸附效率高達29~34%。而在含氰電鍍廢水中存有其他離子(如Ag+和K+)的情況下，流體化CDI (FdCDI)也能有效去除氰離子(41~51%)，而最大電吸附效率為75%。銀回收效率與回收量分別為69%與6.1 mg/g。
鋰具出色的電化學性能，離子交換法通常用於從溶液中回收貴重金屬離子，例如鋰離子篩法可有效從溶液中回收鋰。鋰鈦氧化物 (Li4Ti5O12) 離子篩，在氯化鋰(500 ppm)溶液中，離子篩回收鋰量高達33 mg/g.day，兩天過後其仍可維持97%之性能。在含其他離子(Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+)情況下，只有輕微受到影響，其鋰回收容量仍高(28 mg/g)，主歸因於鋰離子篩具狹窄的交換位點，可防止較大離子進入。離子篩在亞甲基藍降解實驗，十分鐘內可轉換 MB (1-XMB) 約為 97%，證明離子篩具光催化降解有機物能力。本研究結果證明利用高效電容去離子與離子篩法可從無機廢水回收貴重金屬與淡水之可行性。

Desalination for recycling water is of increasing importance due to the scarcity of water. Therefore, it is of importance to develop the high-efficiency capacitive deionization (CDI) processes for water recycling and reuse. Capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as a promising method for desalination due to its low energy consumption, economic attractiveness, and environmental friendliness. CDI is operated by weak electrosorption of ionic species in the electric double layer (EDL) on the surfaces of porous activated carbon (AC). Desalination performances of the AC recycled from shell wastes, pseudocapacitive M3O4@C (M: Mn, Co or Fe) and AC@SGO electrodes have been determined on flow-by and fluidized CDI reactors. Additionally, speciation of arsenic in the BFD endemic groundwater, landfill gas (LFG) and condensate/renewable natural gas (RNG) effluents have been studied by XANES and EXAFS to a better understanding of arsenic behavior in molecular-scale in environment.
The electrosorption efficiency of saltwater ([NaCl=1000 ppm]) using the AC recycled from shell wastes as electrodes can be up to 28% under 1.2 V. After the potential polarity is reversed (1.6 V to -1.6 V), its electrosorption efficiencies are considerably increased (capable of 40%). The Ag@C core-shell nanoparticle dispersed AC electrodes show high desalination performance and additional disinfection efficiency (98%) for CDI of saltwater. The pseudocapacitive Mn3O4@C/AC electrodes for CDI of saltwater ([NaCl]=1000 ppm) show much better desalination performances with a high optimized salt removal (600 mg/g·day) and electrosorption capacity (EC) (25 mg/g) than the conventional AC electrodes (288 mg/g·day and 12 mg/g, respectively). The total stored energy densities and energy storage efficiency of the Mn3O4@C/AC electrode are greater than those of the conventional AC electrodes by 89% and 54%, respectively.
The in situ XANES spectra show the oxidation of neutral H3AsO3 (As(III)0) to less toxic H2AsO4- (As(V)-) with a high electrosorption efficiency (79%) under 1.2 V for the removal of As(III) from a BFD groundwater by CDI. A high oxidation rate constant (0.93 h-1) for As(III)0 to As(V)- has been found allowing the electrosorption of As(V)- on the meso- and micro-pores of the AC with rate constants of 0.021 and 0.0013 h-1, respectively. The XANES spectra of the LFG/RNG matrixes show the consistent decrease in the position of the absorption edge of arsenic atoms, similar to that characteristic for thiolated arsenic compounds and arsenic sulfides. This better understanding for the intrinsic chemistry and reactivity of arsenic species present in LFG/RNG, potentially assisting in the development of treatment methods to control arsenic in a landfill system.
Another area of focus relates to the implementation of sustainable technologies for the water treatment of metal- and cyanide-contaminated wastewater, as well as the recycling of noble metals (i.e. Ag+ and Li+) from the wastewater. Experimentally, the electrosorption efficiency for CN- of the KCN electroplating wastewater is as high as 34% using the fluidized electrodes, i.e.,∣AC@SGOf (fluidized electrode)∣ACf (fluidized electrode)∣. The electrosorption efficiency and capacity for silver recycling are 69% and 6.1 mg/g, respectively.
Lithium is a critically important element in numerous modern applications, owing to its highly advantageous electrochemical properties and possessing the high specific heat capacity among all solid elements. Ion exchange method such as using ion-sieve has been commonly used for recycling of noble metal ions from the inorganic wastewater. The feasibility for recycling of lithium from lithium-containing water using the lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) ion-sieves (LIH) exchanged by HCl solution (0.3 M) was investigated. About 33 mg/g of lithium can be recycled from a lithium-containing water by ion-sieve within 24 h. The Ti K-edge XANES spectra of the ion-sieve show the square pyramid ((Ti=O)O4) and octahedral (TiO6) sites attributed to the pre-edge features of A2 (4970.5 eV) and A3 (4971.8 eV) (the distinguishable photoactive sites) for photodegradation of methylene blue with a high efficiency (97%). This work demonstrated that the feasibility for recycling of noble metals and freshwater from inorganic wastewater by high-efficiency capacitive deionization and ion-sieve methods.

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